SQL數據庫的連接:內連接、和外連接(左外連接、右外連接、和全連接)
本次實驗在MySQL數據庫中進行,數據庫初始表如下:
"Websites" 表的數據:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | id | name | url | alexa | country | +----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA | | 2 | 淘寶 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN | | 3 | 菜鳥教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN | | 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN | | 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA | | 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND | +----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
access_log 表的數據 如下:
mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log; +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | aid | site_id | count | date | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 | | 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 | | 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 | | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 | | 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 | | 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 | | 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 | | 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 | | 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 | +-----+---------+-------+------------+
請注意,"Websites" 表中的 "id" 列指向 "access_log" 表中的字段 "site_id"。上面這兩個表是通過 "site_id" 列聯繫起來的。
然後,如果我們運行下面的 SQL 語句(包含 INNER JOIN):
實例
執行以上 SQL 輸出結果如下:
SQL INNER JOIN 語法
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
或:
FROM table1
JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
註釋:INNER JOIN 與 JOIN 是相同的。
演示數據庫
下面是選自 "Websites" 表的數據:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | id | name | url | alexa | country | +----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA | | 2 | 淘寶 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN | | 3 | 菜鳥教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN | | 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN | | 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA | | 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND | +----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
下面是 "access_log" 網站訪問記錄表的數據:
mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log; +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | aid | site_id | count | date | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 | | 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 | | 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 | | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 | | 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 | | 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 | | 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 | | 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 | | 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SQL INNER JOIN 實例
下面的 SQL 語句將返回所有網站的訪問記錄:
實例
FROM Websites
INNER JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access_log.site_id
ORDER BY access_log.count;
執行以上 SQL 輸出結果如下:
註釋:INNER JOIN 關鍵字在表中存在至少一個匹配時返回行。如果 "Websites" 表中的行在 "access_log" 中沒有匹配,則不會列出這些行。
SQL LEFT JOIN 關鍵字
LEFT JOIN 關鍵字從左表(table1)返回所有的行,即使右表(table2)中沒有匹配。如果右表中沒有匹配,則結果爲 NULL。
SQL LEFT JOIN 語法
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
或:
FROM table1
LEFT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
註釋:在某些數據庫中,LEFT JOIN 稱爲 LEFT OUTER JOIN。
演示數據庫
下面是選自 "Websites" 表的數據:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | id | name | url | alexa | country | +----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA | | 2 | 淘寶 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN | | 3 | 菜鳥教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN | | 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN | | 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA | | 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND | +----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
下面是 "access_log" 網站訪問記錄表的數據:
mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log; +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | aid | site_id | count | date | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 | | 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 | | 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 | | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 | | 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 | | 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 | | 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 | | 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 | | 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SQL LEFT JOIN 實例
下面的 SQL 語句將返回所有網站及他們的訪問量(如果有的話)。
以下實例中我們把 Websites 作爲左表,access_log 作爲右表:
實例
FROM Websites
LEFT JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access_log.site_id
ORDER BY access_log.count DESC;
執行以上 SQL 輸出結果如下:
註釋:LEFT JOIN 關鍵字從左表(Websites)返回所有的行,即使右表(access_log)中沒有匹配。
SQL RIGHT JOIN 關鍵字
RIGHT JOIN 關鍵字從右表(table2)返回所有的行,即使左表(table1)中沒有匹配。如果左表中沒有匹配,則結果爲 NULL。
SQL RIGHT JOIN 語法
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
或:
FROM table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
註釋:在某些數據庫中,RIGHT JOIN 稱爲 RIGHT OUTER JOIN。
演示數據庫
下面是選自 "Websites" 表的數據:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | id | name | url | alexa | country | +----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA | | 2 | 淘寶 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN | | 3 | 菜鳥教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN | | 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN | | 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA | | 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND | +----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
下面是 "access_log" 網站訪問記錄表的數據:
mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log; +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | aid | site_id | count | date | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 | | 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 | | 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 | | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 | | 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 | | 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 | | 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 | | 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 | | 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SQL RIGHT JOIN 實例
下面的 SQL 語句將返回網站的訪問記錄。
以下實例中我們把 access_log 作爲左表,Websites 作爲右表:
實例
執行以上 SQL 輸出結果如下:
註釋:RIGHT JOIN 關鍵字從右表(Websites)返回所有的行,即使左表(access_log)中沒有匹配。
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN 關鍵字
FULL OUTER JOIN 關鍵字只要左表(table1)和右表(table2)其中一個表中存在匹配,則返回行.
FULL OUTER JOIN 關鍵字結合了 LEFT JOIN 和 RIGHT JOIN 的結果。
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN 語法
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
演示數據庫
下面是選自 "Websites" 表的數據:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | id | name | url | alexa | country | +----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+ | 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA | | 2 | 淘寶 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN | | 3 | 菜鳥教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN | | 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN | | 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA | | 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND | +----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
下面是 "access_log" 網站訪問記錄表的數據:
+-----+---------+-------+------------+ | aid | site_id | count | date | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ | 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 | | 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 | | 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 | | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 | | 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 | | 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 | | 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 | | 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 | | 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 | +-----+---------+-------+------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN 實例
下面的 SQL 語句選取所有網站訪問記錄。
MySQL中不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN,你可以在 SQL Server 測試以下實例。
實例
FROM Websites
FULL OUTER JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access_log.site_id
ORDER BY access_log.count DESC;
註釋:FULL OUTER JOIN 關鍵字返回左表(Websites)和右表(access_log)中所有的行。如果 "Websites" 表中的行在 "access_log" 中沒有匹配或者 "access_log" 表中的行在 "Websites" 表中沒有匹配,也會列出這些行。