Objc Runtime

概述

Objc Runtime使得C具有了面向對象能力,在程序運行時創建,檢查,修改類、對象和它們的方法。Runtime是C和彙編編寫的,這裏http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/objc4/可以下到蘋果維護的開源代碼,GNU也有一個開源的runtime版本,他們都努力的保持一致。蘋果官方的Runtime編程指南

Runtime函數

Runtime系統是由一系列的函數和數據結構組成的公共接口動態共享庫,在/usr/include/objc目錄下可以看到頭文件,可以用其中一些函數通過C語言實現Objective-C中一樣的功能。蘋果官方文檔https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Reference/ObjCRuntimeRef/index.html裏有詳細的Runtime函數文檔。

Class和Object基礎數據結構

Class

objc/runtime.h中objc_class結構體的定義如下:

struct objc_class {
Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY; //isa指針指向Meta Class,因爲Objc的類的本身也是一個Object,爲了處理這個關係,runtime就創造了Meta Class,當給類發送[NSObject alloc]這樣消息時,實際上是把這個消息發給了Class Object

#if !__OBJC2__
Class super_class OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 父類
const char *name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 類名
long version OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 類的版本信息,默認爲0
long info OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 類信息,供運行期使用的一些位標識
long instance_size OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 該類的實例變量大小
struct objc_ivar_list *ivars OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 該類的成員變量鏈表
struct objc_method_list **methodLists OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法定義的鏈表
struct objc_cache *cache OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法緩存,對象接到一個消息會根據isa指針查找消息對象,這時會在methodLists中遍歷,如果cache了,常用的方法調用時就能夠提高調用的效率。
struct objc_protocol_list *protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 協議鏈表
#endif

} OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;

objc_ivar_list和objc_method_list的定義

//objc_ivar_list結構體存儲objc_ivar數組列表
struct objc_ivar_list {
     int ivar_count OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#ifdef __LP64__
     int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif
     /* variable length structure */
     struct objc_ivar ivar_list[1] OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
} OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;

//objc_method_list結構體存儲着objc_method的數組列表
struct objc_method_list {
     struct objc_method_list *obsolete OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
     int method_count OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#ifdef __LP64__
     int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif
     /* variable length structure */
     struct objc_method method_list[1] OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
}

objc_object與id

objc_object是一個類的實例結構體,objc/objc.h中objc_object是一個類的實例結構體定義如下:

struct objc_object {
Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;
};

typedef struct objc_object *id;

向object發送消息時,Runtime庫會根據object的isa指針找到這個實例object所屬於的類,然後在類的方法列表以及父類方法列表尋找對應的方法運行。id是一個objc_object結構類型的指針,這個類型的對象能夠轉換成任何一種對象。

objc_cache

objc_class結構體中的cache字段用於緩存調用過的method。cache指針指向objc_cache結構體,這個結構體的定義如下

struct objc_cache {
unsigned int mask /* total = mask + 1 */ OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //指定分配緩存bucket的總數。runtime使用這個字段確定線性查找數組的索引位置
unsigned int occupied OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //實際佔用緩存bucket總數
Method buckets[1] OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //指向Method數據結構指針的數組,這個數組的總數不能超過mask+1,但是指針是可能爲空的,這就表示緩存bucket沒有被佔用,數組會隨着時間增長。
};

Meta Class

meta class是一個類對象的類,當向對象發消息,runtime會在這個對象所屬類方法列表中查找發送消息對應的方法,但當向類發送消息時,runtime就會在這個類的meta class方法列表裏查找。所有的meta class,包括Root class,Superclass,Subclass的isa都指向Root class的meta class,這樣能夠形成一個閉環。

void TestMetaClass(id self, SEL _cmd) {

     NSLog(@"This objcet is %p", self);
     NSLog(@"Class is %@, super class is %@", [self class], [self superclass]);

     Class currentClass = [self class];
     //
     for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
          NSLog(@"Following the isa pointer %d times gives %p", i, currentClass);
          //通過objc_getClass獲得對象isa,這樣可以回溯到Root class及NSObject的meta class,可以看到最後指針指向的是0x0和NSObject的meta class類地址一樣。
          currentClass = objc_getClass((__bridge void *)currentClass);
     }

     NSLog(@"NSObject's class is %p", [NSObject class]);
     NSLog(@"NSObject's meta class is %p", objc_getClass((__bridge void *)[NSObject class]));
}

@implementation Test
- (void)ex_registerClassPair {

     Class newClass = objc_allocateClassPair([NSError class], "TestClass", 0);
     class_addMethod(newClass, @selector(testMetaClass), (IMP)TestMetaClass, "v@:");
     objc_registerClassPair(newClass);

     id instance = [[newClass alloc] initWithDomain:@"some domain" code:0 userInfo:nil];
     [instance performSelector:@selector(testMetaClass)];
}
@end

運行結果

2014-10-20 22:57:07.352 mountain[1303:41490] This objcet is 0x7a6e22b0
2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Class is TestStringClass, super class is NSError
2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 0 times gives 0x7a6e21b0
2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 1 times gives 0x0
2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 2 times gives 0x0
2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 3 times gives 0x0
2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] NSObject's class is 0xe10000
2014-10-20 22:57:07.354 mountain[1303:41490] NSObject's meta class is 0x0

舉個例子

@interface Sark : NSObject
@end
@implementation Sark
@end
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
     @autoreleasepool {
          BOOL res1 = [(id)[NSObject class] isKindOfClass:[NSObject class]];
          BOOL res2 = [(id)[NSObject class] isMemberOfClass:[NSObject class]];
          BOOL res3 = [(id)[Sark class] isKindOfClass:[Sark class]];
          BOOL res4 = [(id)[Sark class] isMemberOfClass:[Sark class]];
          NSLog(@"%d %d %d %d", res1, res2, res3, res4);
     }
     return 0;
}

//輸出
2014-11-05 14:45:08.474 Test[9412:721945] 1 0 0 0

先看看isKindOfClass和isMemberOfClass在Object.mm中的實現

- (BOOL)isKindOf:aClass
{
     Class cls;
     for (cls = isa; cls; cls = cls->superclass)
          if (cls == (Class)aClass)
               return YES;
     return NO;
}

- (BOOL)isMemberOf:aClass
{
     return isa == (Class)aClass;
}

res1中,可以從isKindOfClass看出NSObject class的isa第一次會指向NSObject的Meta Class,接着Super class時會NSObject的Meta Class根據前面講的閉環可以知道是會指到NSObject class,這樣res1的bool值就是真了。

res2的話因爲是isMemberOf就只有一次,那麼是NSObject的Meta Class和NSObject class不同返回的bool值就是false了。

res3第一次是Sark Meta Class,第二次super class 後就是NSObject Meta Class了,返回也是false

res4是Sark Meta Class,所以返回也是false

類與對象操作函數

runtime有很多的函數可以操作類和對象。類相關的是class爲前綴,對象相關操作是objc或object_爲前綴。

類相關操作函數

name

// 獲取類的類名
const char * class_getName ( Class cls ); 

super_class和meta-class

// 獲取類的父類
Class class_getSuperclass ( Class cls );

// 判斷給定的Class是否是一個meta class
BOOL class_isMetaClass ( Class cls );

instance_size

// 獲取實例大小
size_t class_getInstanceSize ( Class cls );

成員變量(ivars)及屬性

//成員變量操作函數
// 獲取類中指定名稱實例成員變量的信息
Ivar class_getInstanceVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );

// 獲取類成員變量的信息
Ivar class_getClassVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );

// 添加成員變量
BOOL class_addIvar ( Class cls, const char *name, size_t size, uint8_t alignment, const char *types ); //這個只能夠向在runtime時創建的類添加成員變量

// 獲取整個成員變量列表
Ivar * class_copyIvarList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount ); //必須使用free()來釋放這個數組

//屬性操作函數
// 獲取類中指定名稱實例成員變量的信息
Ivar class_getInstanceVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );

// 獲取類成員變量的信息
Ivar class_getClassVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );

// 添加成員變量
BOOL class_addIvar ( Class cls, const char *name, size_t size, uint8_t alignment, const char *types );

// 獲取整個成員變量列表
Ivar * class_copyIvarList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );

methodLists

// 添加方法
BOOL class_addMethod ( Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types ); //和成員變量不同的是可以爲類動態添加方法。如果有同名會返回NO,修改的話需要使用method_setImplementation

// 獲取實例方法
Method class_getInstanceMethod ( Class cls, SEL name );

// 獲取類方法
Method class_getClassMethod ( Class cls, SEL name );

// 獲取所有方法的數組
Method * class_copyMethodList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );

// 替代方法的實現
IMP class_replaceMethod ( Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types );

// 返回方法的具體實現
IMP class_getMethodImplementation ( Class cls, SEL name );
IMP class_getMethodImplementation_stret ( Class cls, SEL name );

// 類實例是否響應指定的selector
BOOL class_respondsToSelector ( Class cls, SEL sel );

objc_protocol_list

// 添加協議
BOOL class_addProtocol ( Class cls, Protocol *protocol );

// 返回類是否實現指定的協議
BOOL class_conformsToProtocol ( Class cls, Protocol *protocol );

// 返回類實現的協議列表
Protocol * class_copyProtocolList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );

version

// 獲取版本號
int class_getVersion ( Class cls );

// 設置版本號
void class_setVersion ( Class cls, int version );

實例

通過實例來消化下上面的那些函數

//-----------------------------------------------------------
// MyClass.h
@interface MyClass : NSObject <NSCopying, NSCoding>
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *array;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *string;
- (void)method1;
- (void)method2;
+ (void)classMethod1;
@end

//-----------------------------------------------------------
// MyClass.m
#import "MyClass.h"
@interface MyClass () {
NSInteger _instance1;
NSString * _instance2;
}
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSUInteger integer;
- (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2;
@end

@implementation MyClass
+ (void)classMethod1 {
}

- (void)method1 {
     NSLog(@"call method method1");
}

- (void)method2 {
}

- (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2 {
     NSLog(@"arg1 : %ld, arg2 : %@", arg1, arg2);
}

@end

//-----------------------------------------------------------
// main.h

#import "MyClass.h"
#import "MySubClass.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
     @autoreleasepool {
          MyClass *myClass = [[MyClass alloc] init];
          unsigned int outCount = 0;
          Class cls = myClass.class;
          // 類名
          NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));    
          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 父類
          NSLog(@"super class name: %s", class_getName(class_getSuperclass(cls)));
          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 是否是元類
          NSLog(@"MyClass is %@ a meta-class", (class_isMetaClass(cls) ? @"" : @"not"));
          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          Class meta_class = objc_getMetaClass(class_getName(cls));
          NSLog(@"%s's meta-class is %s", class_getName(cls), class_getName(meta_class));
          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 變量實例大小
          NSLog(@"instance size: %zu", class_getInstanceSize(cls));
          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 成員變量
          Ivar *ivars = class_copyIvarList(cls, &outCount);
          for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
               Ivar ivar = ivars[i];
               NSLog(@"instance variable's name: %s at index: %d", ivar_getName(ivar), i);
          }

          free(ivars);

          Ivar string = class_getInstanceVariable(cls, "_string");
          if (string != NULL) {
               NSLog(@"instace variable %s", ivar_getName(string));
          }

          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 屬性操作
          objc_property_t * properties = class_copyPropertyList(cls, &outCount);
          for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
               objc_property_t property = properties[i];
               NSLog(@"property's name: %s", property_getName(property));
          }

          free(properties);

          objc_property_t array = class_getProperty(cls, "array");
          if (array != NULL) {
               NSLog(@"property %s", property_getName(array));
          }

          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 方法操作
          Method *methods = class_copyMethodList(cls, &outCount);
          for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
               Method method = methods[i];
               NSLog(@"method's signature: %s", method_getName(method));
          }

          free(methods);

          Method method1 = class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(method1));
          if (method1 != NULL) {
               NSLog(@"method %s", method_getName(method1));
          }

          Method classMethod = class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(classMethod1));
          if (classMethod != NULL) {
               NSLog(@"class method : %s", method_getName(classMethod));
          }

          NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2:", class_respondsToSelector(cls, @selector(method3WithArg1:arg2:)) ? @"" : @" not");

          IMP imp = class_getMethodImplementation(cls, @selector(method1));
          imp();

          NSLog(@"==========================================================");

          // 協議
          Protocol * __unsafe_unretained * protocols = class_copyProtocolList(cls, &outCount);
          Protocol * protocol;
          for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
               protocol = protocols[i];
               NSLog(@"protocol name: %s", protocol_getName(protocol));
          }

          NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsed to protocol %s", class_conformsToProtocol(cls, protocol) ? @"" : @" not", protocol_getName(protocol));

          NSLog(@"==========================================================");
     }
     return 0;
}

輸出結果

2014-10-22 19:41:37.452 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] class name: MyClass
2014-10-22 19:41:37.453 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] super class name: NSObject
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is not a meta-class
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass's meta-class is MyClass
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance size: 48
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _instance1 at index: 0
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _instance2 at index: 1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _array at index: 2
2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _string at index: 3
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _integer at index: 4
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instace variable _string
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: array
2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: string
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: integer
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property array
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method2
2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method3WithArg1:arg2:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: integer
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setInteger:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: array
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: string
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setString:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setArray:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: .cxx_destruct
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method method1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] class method : classMethod1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2:
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] call method method1
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ==========================================================
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] protocol name: NSCopying
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] protocol name: NSCoding
2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is responsed to protocol NSCoding
2014-10-22 19:41:37.468 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ======================================

動態創建類和對象

動態創建類

// 創建一個新類和元類
Class objc_allocateClassPair ( Class superclass, const char *name, size_t extraBytes ); //如果創建的是root class,則superclass爲Nil。extraBytes通常爲0

// 銷燬一個類及其相關聯的類
void objc_disposeClassPair ( Class cls ); //在運行中還存在或存在子類實例,就不能夠調用這個。

// 在應用中註冊由objc_allocateClassPair創建的類
void objc_registerClassPair ( Class cls ); //創建了新類後,然後使用class_addMethod,class_addIvar函數爲新類添加方法,實例變量和屬性後再調用這個來註冊類,再之後就能夠用了。

使用實例

Class cls = objc_allocateClassPair(MyClass.class, "MySubClass", 0);
class_addMethod(cls, @selector(submethod1), (IMP)imp_submethod1, "v@:");
class_replaceMethod(cls, @selector(method1), (IMP)imp_submethod1, "v@:");
class_addIvar(cls, "_ivar1", sizeof(NSString *), log(sizeof(NSString *)), "i");

objc_property_attribute_t type = {"T", "@"NSString""};
objc_property_attribute_t ownership = { "C", "" };
objc_property_attribute_t backingivar = { "V", "_ivar1"};
objc_property_attribute_t attrs[] = {type, ownership, backingivar};

class_addProperty(cls, "property2", attrs, 3);
objc_registerClassPair(cls);

id instance = [[cls alloc] init];
[instance performSelector:@selector(submethod1)];
[instance performSelector:@selector(method1)];

輸出

2014-10-23 11:35:31.006 RuntimeTest[3800:66152] run sub method 1
2014-10-23 11:35:31.006 RuntimeTest[3800:66152] run sub method 1

動態創建對象

// 創建類實例
id class_createInstance ( Class cls, size_t extraBytes ); //會在heap裏給類分配內存。這個方法和+alloc方法類似。

// 在指定位置創建類實例
id objc_constructInstance ( Class cls, void *bytes ); 

// 銷燬類實例
void * objc_destructInstance ( id obj ); //不會釋放移除任何相關引用

測試下效果

//可以看出class_createInstance和alloc的不同
id theObject = class_createInstance(NSString.class, sizeof(unsigned));
id str1 = [theObject init];
NSLog(@"%@", [str1 class]);
id str2 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"test"];
NSLog(@"%@", [str2 class]);

輸出結果

2014-10-23 12:46:50.781 RuntimeTest[4039:89088] NSString
2014-10-23 12:46:50.781 RuntimeTest[4039:89088] __NSCFConstantString

實例操作函數

這些函數是針對創建的實例對象的一系列操作函數。

整個對象操作的函數

// 返回指定對象的一份拷貝
id object_copy ( id obj, size_t size );
// 釋放指定對象佔用的內存
id object_dispose ( id obj );

應用場景

//把a轉換成佔用更多空間的子類b
NSObject *a = [[NSObject alloc] init];
id newB = object_copy(a, class_getInstanceSize(MyClass.class));
object_setClass(newB, MyClass.class);
object_dispose(a);

對象實例變量進行操作的函數

// 修改類實例的實例變量的值
Ivar object_setInstanceVariable ( id obj, const char *name, void *value );
// 獲取對象實例變量的值
Ivar object_getInstanceVariable ( id obj, const char *name, void **outValue );
// 返回指向給定對象分配的任何額外字節的指針
void * object_getIndexedIvars ( id obj );
// 返回對象中實例變量的值
id object_getIvar ( id obj, Ivar ivar );
// 設置對象中實例變量的值
void object_setIvar ( id obj, Ivar ivar, id value );

對對象類操作

// 返回給定對象的類名
const char * object_getClassName ( id obj );
// 返回對象的類
Class object_getClass ( id obj );
// 設置對象的類
Class object_setClass ( id obj, Class cls );

獲取類定義

// 獲取已註冊的類定義的列表
int objc_getClassList ( Class *buffer, int bufferCount );

// 創建並返回一個指向所有已註冊類的指針列表
Class * objc_copyClassList ( unsigned int *outCount );

// 返回指定類的類定義
Class objc_lookUpClass ( const char *name );
Class objc_getClass ( const char *name );
Class objc_getRequiredClass ( const char *name );

// 返回指定類的元類
Class objc_getMetaClass ( const char *name );

演示如何使用

int numClasses;
Class * classes = NULL;
numClasses = objc_getClassList(NULL, 0);

if (numClasses > 0) {
     classes = malloc(sizeof(Class) * numClasses);
     numClasses = objc_getClassList(classes, numClasses);
     NSLog(@"number of classes: %d", numClasses);

     for (int i = 0; i < numClasses; i++) {
          Class cls = classes[i];
          NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));
     }
     free(classes);
}

結果如下:

2014-10-23 16:20:52.589 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] number of classes: 1282
2014-10-23 16:20:52.589 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: DDTokenRegexp
2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: _NSMostCommonKoreanCharsKeySet
2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: OS_xpc_dictionary
2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSFileCoordinator
2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSAssertionHandler
2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: PFUbiquityTransactionLogMigrator
2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSNotification
2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSKeyValueNilSetEnumerator
2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: OS_tcp_connection_tls_session
2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: _PFRoutines
......還有大量輸出

成員變量與屬性

基礎數據類型

Ivar

實例變量類型,指向objc_ivar結構體的指針,ivar指針地址是根據class結構體的地址加上基地址偏移字節得到的。

typedef struct objc_ivar *Ivar;

struct objc_ivar {
char *ivar_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 變量名
char *ivar_type OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 變量類型
int ivar_offset OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 基地址偏移字節
#ifdef __LP64__
int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif
}

objc_property_t

屬性類型,指向objc_property結構體

typedef struct objc_property *objc_property_t;

通過class_copyPropertyList和protocol_copyPropertyList方法獲取類和協議的屬性

objc_property_t *class_copyPropertyList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount)
objc_property_t *protocol_copyPropertyList(Protocol *proto, unsigned int *outCount)

示例

@interface Lender : NSObject {
     float alone;
}
@property float alone;
@end

//獲取屬性列表
id LenderClass = objc_getClass("Lender");
unsigned int outCount;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList(LenderClass, &outCount);

//查找屬性名稱
const char *property_getName(objc_property_t property)

//通過給出的名稱來在類和協議中獲取屬性的引用
objc_property_t class_getProperty(Class cls, const char *name)
objc_property_t protocol_getProperty(Protocol *proto, const char *name, BOOL isRequiredProperty, BOOL isInstanceProperty)

//發掘屬性名稱和@encode類型字符串
const char *property_getAttributes(objc_property_t property)

//從一個類中獲取它的屬性
id LenderClass = objc_getClass("Lender");
unsigned int outCount, i;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList(LenderClass, &outCount);
for (i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
     objc_property_t property = properties[i];
     fprintf(stdout, "%s %sn", property_getName(property), property_getAttributes(property));
}

objc_property_attribute_t

也是結構體,定義屬性的attribute

typedef struct {
     const char *name; // 特性名
     const char *value; // 特性值
} objc_property_attribute_t;

示例

下面代碼會編譯出錯,Runtime Crash還是正常輸出

@interface Sark : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@end
@implementation Sark
- (void)speak
{
     NSLog(@"my name is %@", self.name);
}
@end
@interface Test : NSObject
@end
@implementation Test
- (instancetype)init
{
     self = [super init];
     if (self) {
          id cls = [Sark class];
          void *obj = &cls;
          [(__bridge id)obj speak];
     }
     return self;
}
@end
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
     @autoreleasepool {
          [[Test alloc] init];
     }
     return 0;
}

//結果正常輸出
2014-11-07 14:08:25.698 Test[1097:57255] my name is

obj爲指向Sark Class的指針,相當於Sark的實例對象但是還是不一樣,根據objc_msgSend流程,obj指針能夠在方法列表中找到speak方法,所以運行正常。

爲了得到self.name能夠輸出的原因,可以加入調試代碼

- (void)speak
{
     unsigned int numberOfIvars = 0;
     Ivar *ivars = class_copyIvarList([self class], &numberOfIvars);
     for(const Ivar *p = ivars; p < ivars+numberOfIvars; p++) {
          Ivar const ivar = *p;
          ptrdiff_t offset = ivar_getOffset(ivar);
          const char *name = ivar_getName(ivar);
          NSLog(@"Sark ivar name = %s, offset = %td", name, offset);
     }
     NSLog(@"my name is %p", &_name);
     NSLog(@"my name is %@", *(&_name));
}
@implementation Test
- (instancetype)init
{
     self = [super init];
     if (self) {
          NSLog(@"Test instance = %@", self);
          void *self2 = (__bridge void *)self;
          NSLog(@"Test instance pointer = %p", &self2);
          id cls = [Sark class];
          NSLog(@"Class instance address = %p", cls);
          void *obj = &cls;
          NSLog(@"Void *obj = %@", obj);
          [(__bridge id)obj speak];
     }
     return self;
}
@end
//輸出
2014-11-11 00:56:02.464 Test[10475:1071029] Test instance = 2014-11-11 00:56:02.464 Test[10475:1071029] Test instance pointer = 0x7fff5fbff7c8
2014-11-11 00:56:02.465 Test[10475:1071029] Class instance address = 0x1000023c8
2014-11-11 00:56:02.465 Test[10475:1071029] Void *obj = 2014-11-11 00:56:02.465 Test[10475:1071029] Sark ivar name = _name, offset = 8
2014-11-11 00:56:02.465 Test[10475:1071029] my name is 0x7fff5fbff7c8
2014-11-11 00:56:02.465 Test[10475:1071029] my name is

Sark中Propertyname會被轉換成ivar到類的結構裏,runtime會計算ivar的地址偏移來找ivar的最終地址,根據輸出可以看出Sark class的指針地址加上ivar的偏移量正好跟Test對象指針地址。

關聯對象

關聯對象是在運行時添加的類似成員。

//將一個對象連接到其它對象
static char myKey;
objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &myKey, anObject, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
//獲取一個新的關聯的對象
id anObject = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &myKey);
//使用objc_removeAssociatedObjects函數移除一個關聯對象

實例演示關聯對象使用

//動態的將一個Tap手勢操作連接到任何UIView中。
- (void)setTapActionWithBlock:(void (^)(void))block
{
     UITapGestureRecognizer *gesture = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapGestureKey);

     if (!gesture)
     {
          gesture = [[UITapGestureRecognizer alloc] initWithTarget:self action:@selector(__handleActionForTapGesture:)];
          [self addGestureRecognizer:gesture];
          //將創建的手勢對象和block作爲關聯對象
          objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapGestureKey, gesture, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
     }

     objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapBlockKey, block, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY);
}

//手勢識別對象的target和action
- (void)__handleActionForTapGesture:(UITapGestureRecognizer *)gesture
{
     if (gesture.state == UIGestureRecognizerStateRecognized)
     {
          void(^action)(void) = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapBlockKey);

          if (action)
          {
               action();
          }
     }
}

成員變量和屬性的操作方法

成員變量

// 獲取成員變量名
const char * ivar_getName ( Ivar v );
// 獲取成員變量類型編碼
const char * ivar_getTypeEncoding ( Ivar v );
// 獲取成員變量的偏移量
ptrdiff_t ivar_getOffset ( Ivar v );

Associated Objects

// 設置關聯對象
void objc_setAssociatedObject ( id object, const void *key, id value, objc_AssociationPolicy policy );
// 獲取關聯對象
id objc_getAssociatedObject ( id object, const void *key );
// 移除關聯對象
void objc_removeAssociatedObjects ( id object );

//上面方法以鍵值對的形式動態的向對象添加,獲取或者刪除關聯值。其中關聯政策是一組枚舉常量。這些常量對應着引用關聯值機制,也就是Objc內存管理的引用計數機制。
enum {
     OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN = 0,
     OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC = 1,
     OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY_NONATOMIC = 3,
     OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN = 01401,
     OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY = 01403
};

屬性

// 獲取屬性名
const char * property_getName ( objc_property_t property );
// 獲取屬性特性描述字符串
const char * property_getAttributes ( objc_property_t property );
// 獲取屬性中指定的特性
char * property_copyAttributeValue ( objc_property_t property, const char *attributeName );
// 獲取屬性的特性列表
objc_property_attribute_t * property_copyAttributeList ( objc_property_t property, unsigned int *outCount );

實例

兩個接口同樣數據不同的字段名處理

@interface MyObject: NSObject

@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString * name;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString * status;

@end

//返回字典數據有不同的字段名,一般是寫兩個方法,但是如果靈活用runtime只用寫一個方法
@{@"name1": "張三", @"status1": @"start"}
@{@"name2": "張三", @"status2": @"end"}
//定義一個映射字典(全局)
static NSMutableDictionary *map = nil;

@implementation MyObject

+ (void)load
{
map = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];

map[@"name1"] = @"name";
map[@"status1"] = @"status";
map[@"name2"] = @"name";
map[@"status2"] = @"status";
}

@end

//不同字段映射到MyObject相同屬性上
- (void)setDataWithDic:(NSDictionary *)dic
{
     [dic enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:^(NSString *key, id obj, BOOL *stop) {

          NSString *propertyKey = [self propertyForKey:key];
          if (propertyKey)
          {
               objc_property_t property = class_getProperty([self class], [propertyKey UTF8String]);

               // TODO: 針對特殊數據類型做處理
               NSString *attributeString = [NSString stringWithCString:property_getAttributes(property) encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
               ...
               [self setValue:obj forKey:propertyKey];
          }
     }];
}

Method和消息

Method和消息的基礎數據類型

SEL

選擇器表示一個方法的selector的指針,可以理解爲Method中的ID類型

typedef struct objc_selector *SEL;
//objc_selector編譯時會根據每個方法名字參數序列生成唯一標識
SEL sel1 = @selector(method1);
NSLog(@"sel : %p", sel1);
輸出
2014-10-30 18:40:07.518 RuntimeTest[52734:466626] sel : 0x100002d72

獲取SEL的三個方法:

  • sel_registerName函數
  • Objective-C編譯器提供的@selector()
  • NSSelectorFromString()方法

IMP

是函數指針,指向方法的首地址,通過SEL快速得到對應IMP,這時可以跳過Runtime消息傳遞機制直接執行函數,比直接向對象發消息高效。定義如下

id (*IMP)(id, SEL, ...)

Method

用於表示類定義中的方法

typedef struct objc_method *Method;

struct objc_method {
     SEL method_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法名
     char *method_types OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //是個char指針,存儲着方法的參數類型和返回值類型
     IMP method_imp OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法實現,函數指針
}

Method相關操作函數

Method

// 調用指定方法的實現,返回的是方法實現時的返回,參數receiver不能爲空,這個比method_getImplementation和method_getName快
id method_invoke ( id receiver, Method m, ... );
// 調用返回一個數據結構的方法的實現
void method_invoke_stret ( id receiver, Method m, ... );
// 獲取方法名,希望獲得方法明的C字符串,使用sel_getName(method_getName(method))
SEL method_getName ( Method m );
// 返回方法的實現
IMP method_getImplementation ( Method m );
// 獲取描述方法參數和返回值類型的字符串
const char * method_getTypeEncoding ( Method m );
// 獲取方法的返回值類型的字符串
char * method_copyReturnType ( Method m );
// 獲取方法的指定位置參數的類型字符串
char * method_copyArgumentType ( Method m, unsigned int index );
// 通過引用返回方法的返回值類型字符串
void method_getReturnType ( Method m, char *dst, size_t dst_len );
// 返回方法的參數的個數
unsigned int method_getNumberOfArguments ( Method m );
// 通過引用返回方法指定位置參數的類型字符串
void method_getArgumentType ( Method m, unsigned int index, char *dst, size_t dst_len );
// 返回指定方法的方法描述結構體
struct objc_method_description * method_getDescription ( Method m );
// 設置方法的實現
IMP method_setImplementation ( Method m, IMP imp );
// 交換兩個方法的實現
void method_exchangeImplementations ( Method m1, Method m2 );

Method的SEL

// 返回給定選擇器指定的方法的名稱
const char * sel_getName ( SEL sel );
// 在Objective-C Runtime系統中註冊一個方法,將方法名映射到一個選擇器,並返回這個選擇器
SEL sel_registerName ( const char *str );
// 在Objective-C Runtime系統中註冊一個方法
SEL sel_getUid ( const char *str );
// 比較兩個選擇器
BOOL sel_isEqual ( SEL lhs, SEL rhs );

Method調用流程

消息函數,Objc中發送消息是用中括號把接收者和消息括起來,只到運行時纔會把消息和方法實現綁定。

//這個函數將消息接收者和方法名作爲基礎參數。消息發送給一個對象時,objc_msgSend通過對象的isa指針獲得類的結構體,先在Cache裏找,找到就執行,沒找到就在分發列表裏查找方法的selector,沒找到就通過objc_msgSend結構體中指向父類的指針找到父類,然後在父類分發列表找,直到root class(NSObject)。
objc_msgSend(receiver, selector, arg1, arg2, ...)

編譯器會根據情況在objc_msgSend,objc_msgSend_stret,objc_msgSendSuper,或objc_msgSendSuper_stret四個方法中選一個調用。如果是傳遞給超類就會調用帶super的函數,如果返回是數據結構而不是一個值就會調用帶stret的函數。在i386平臺返回類型爲浮點消息會調用objc_msgSend_fpret函數。

舉個例子,NSStringFromClass([self class])和NSStringFromClass([super class])輸出都是self的類名。原因如下

調用[self class]的時候先調用objc_msgSend,發現self沒有class這個方法,然後用objc_msgSendSuper就去父類找,還是沒有,繼續用objc_msgSendSuper到NSObject裏找,結果找到了,查找NSObject中class方法的runtime源碼會發現它會返回self,所以[self class]會返回self本身。同理[super class]相對前者就是少了objc_msgSend這一步,最後也會找到NSObject根類裏的class方法,自然結果也是返回了self。

Method中的接收消息對象參數和方法選擇器參數

在Method中使用self關鍵字來引用實例本身,self的內容即接收消息的對象是在Method運行時被傳入的同時還有方法選擇器。

獲取Method地址

使用NSObject提供的methodForSelector:方法可以獲得Method的指針,通過指針調用實現代碼。

void (*setter)(id, SEL, BOOL);
int i;
setter = (void (*)(id, SEL, BOOL))[target
     methodForSelector:@selector(setFilled:)];
for ( i = 0 ; i < 1000 ; i++ )
     setter(targetList[i], @selector(setFilled:), YES);

Method轉發

如果使用[object message]調用方法,object無法響應message時就會報錯。用performSelector...調用就要等到運行時才確定是否能接受,不能才崩潰。

//先調用respondsToSelector:來判斷一下
if ([self respondsToSelector:@selector(method)]) {
     [self performSelector:@selector(method)];
}

Method轉發機制分爲三步:

動態方法解析

void functionForMethod1(id self, SEL _cmd) {
     NSLog(@"%@, %p", self, _cmd);
}

+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
     NSString *selectorString = NSStringFromSelector(sel);
     if ([selectorString isEqualToString:@"method1"]) {
          class_addMethod(self.class, @selector(method1), (IMP)functionForMethod1, "@:");
     }
     return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}

可以動態的提供一個方法的實現。例如可以用@dynamic關鍵字在類的實現文件中寫個屬性

//這個表明會爲這個屬性動態提供set get方法,就是編譯器是不會默認生成setPropertyName:和propertyName方法,需要動態提供。可以通過重載resolveInstanceMethod:和resolveClassMethod:方法分別添加實例方法和類方法實現。最後用class_addMethod完成添加特定方法實現的操作
@dynamic propertyName;

//
void dynamicMethodIMP(id self, SEL _cmd) {
     // implementation ....
}
@implementation MyClass
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)aSEL
{
     if (aSEL == @selector(resolveThisMethodDynamically)) {
          //v@:表示返回值和參數,可以在蘋果官網查看Type Encoding相關文檔 https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/DOCUMENTATION/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjCRuntimeGuide/Articles/ocrtTypeEncodings.html
          class_addMethod([self class], aSEL, (IMP) dynamicMethodIMP, "v@:");
          return YES;
     }
     return [super resolveInstanceMethod:aSEL];
}
@end

重定向接收者

如果無法處理消息會繼續調用下面的方法,同時在這裏Runtime系統實際上是給了一個替換消息接收者的機會,但是替換的對象千萬不要是self,那樣會進入死循環。

- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector
{
     if(aSelector == @selector(mysteriousMethod:)){
          return alternateObject;
     }
     return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector];
}

使用這個方法通常在對象內部,如下

@interface SUTRuntimeMethodHelper : NSObject
- (void)method2;
@end

@implementation SUTRuntimeMethodHelper
- (void)method2 {
     NSLog(@"%@, %p", self, _cmd);
}
@end

#pragma mark -
@interface SUTRuntimeMethod () {
     SUTRuntimeMethodHelper *_helper;
}
@end

@implementation SUTRuntimeMethod
+ (instancetype)object {
     return [[self alloc] init];
}

- (instancetype)init {
     self = [super init];
     if (self != nil) {
          _helper = [[SUTRuntimeMethodHelper alloc] init];
     }
     return self;
}

- (void)test {
     [self performSelector:@selector(method2)];
}

- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
     NSLog(@"forwardingTargetForSelector");
     NSString *selectorString = NSStringFromSelector(aSelector);

     // 將消息轉發給_helper來處理
     if ([selectorString isEqualToString:@"method2"]) {
          return _helper;
     }
     return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector];
}
@end

最後進行轉發

如果以上兩種都沒法處理未知消息就需要完整消息轉發了。調用如下方法

//這一步是最後機會將消息轉發給其它對象,對象會將未處理的消息相關的selector,target和參數都封裝在anInvocation中。forwardInvocation:像未知消息分發中心,將未知消息轉發給其它對象。注意的是forwardInvocation:方法只有在消息接收對象無法正常響應消息時才被調用。
- (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation
//必須重寫這個方法,消息轉發使用這個方法獲得的信息創建NSInvocation對象。
- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector

範例

- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
     NSMethodSignature *signature = [super methodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];

     if (!signature) {
          if ([SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instancesRespondToSelector:aSelector]) {
               signature = [SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instanceMethodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];
          }
     }
     return signature;
}

- (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation {
     if ([SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instancesRespondToSelector:anInvocation.selector]) {
          [anInvocation invokeWithTarget:_helper];
     }
}

轉發和多繼承

轉發和繼承相似,一個Object把消息轉發出去就好像它繼承了另一個Object的方法一樣。

Message消息的參考文章

Method Swizzling

是改變一個selector實際實現的技術,可以在運行時修改selector對應的函數來修改Method的實現。前面的消息轉發很強大,但是需要能夠修改對應類的源碼,但是對於有些類無法修改其源碼時又要更改其方法實現時可以使用Method Swizzling,通過重新映射方法來達到目的,但是跟消息轉發比起來調試會困難。

使用method swizzling需要注意的問題

  • Swizzling應該總在+load中執行:Objective-C在運行時會自動調用類的兩個方法+load和+initialize。+load會在類初始加載時調用,和+initialize比較+load能保證在類的初始化過程中被加載
  • Swizzling應該總是在dispatch_once中執行:swizzling會改變全局狀態,所以在運行時採取一些預防措施,使用dispatch_once就能夠確保代碼不管有多少線程都只被執行一次。這將成爲method swizzling的最佳實踐。
  • Selector,Method和Implementation:這幾個之間關係可以這樣理解,一個類維護一個運行時可接收的消息分發表,分發表中每個入口是一個Method,其中key是一個特定的名稱,及SEL,與其對應的實現是IMP即指向底層C函數的指針。

舉例說明如何使用Method Swizzling對一個類中注入一些我們的新的操作。

#import <objc/runtime.h>

@implementation UIViewController (Tracking)

+ (void)load {
     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
          Class class = [self class];
          // When swizzling a class method, use the following:
          // Class class = object_getClass((id)self);

          //通過method swizzling修改了UIViewController的@selector(viewWillAppear:)的指針使其指向了自定義的xxx_viewWillAppear
          SEL originalSelector = @selector(viewWillAppear:);
          SEL swizzledSelector = @selector(xxx_viewWillAppear:);

          Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, originalSelector);
          Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, swizzledSelector);

          BOOL didAddMethod = class_addMethod(class,
               originalSelector,
               method_getImplementation(swizzledMethod),
               method_getTypeEncoding(swizzledMethod));

          //如果類中不存在要替換的方法,就先用class_addMethod和class_replaceMethod函數添加和替換兩個方法實現。但如果已經有了要替換的方法,就調用method_exchangeImplementations函數交換兩個方法的Implementation。
          if (didAddMethod) {
               class_replaceMethod(class,
                    swizzledSelector,
                    method_getImplementation(originalMethod),
               method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));
          } else {
               method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);
          }
     });
}

#pragma mark - Method Swizzling
- (void)xxx_viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
     [self xxx_viewWillAppear:animated];
     NSLog(@"viewWillAppear: %@", self);
}

@end

method_exchangeImplementations做的事情和如下代碼是一樣的

IMP imp1 = method_getImplementation(m1);
IMP imp2 = method_getImplementation(m2);
method_setImplementation(m1, imp2);
method_setImplementation(m2, imp1);

另一種Method Swizzling的實現

- (void)replacementReceiveMessage:(const struct BInstantMessage *)arg1 {
     NSLog(@"arg1 is %@", arg1);
     [self replacementReceiveMessage:arg1];
}
+ (void)load {
     SEL originalSelector = @selector(ReceiveMessage:);
     SEL overrideSelector = @selector(replacementReceiveMessage:);
     Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(self, originalSelector);
     Method overrideMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(self, overrideSelector);
     if (class_addMethod(self, originalSelector, method_getImplementation(overrideMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(overrideMethod))) {
          class_replaceMethod(self, overrideSelector, method_getImplementation(originalMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));
     } else {
          method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, overrideMethod);
     }
}

這裏有幾個關於Method Swizzling的資源可以參考

Protocol和Category

基礎數據類型

Category

指向分類的結構體的指針

typedef struct objc_category *Category;

struct objc_category {
     char *category_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 分類名
     char *class_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 分類所屬的類名
     struct objc_method_list *instance_methods OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 實例方法列表
     struct objc_method_list *class_methods OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 類方法列表,Meta Class方法列表的子集
     struct objc_protocol_list *protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 分類所實現的協議列表
}

Category裏面的方法加載過程,objc源碼中找到objc-os.mm,函數_objc_init就是runtime的加載入口由libSystem調用,開始初始化,之後objc-runtime-new.mm裏的map_images會加載map到內存,_read_images開始初始化這個map,這時會load所有Class,Protocol和Category,NSObject的+load方法就是這個時候調用的。下面是加載代碼

// Discover categories.
for (EACH_HEADER) {
     category_t **catlist = _getObjc2CategoryList(hi, &count);
     for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
          category_t *cat = catlist[i];
          Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);
          if (!cls) {
               // Category's target class is missing (probably weak-linked).
               // Disavow any knowledge of this category.
               catlist[i] = nil;
               if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: IGNORING category ???(%s) %p with "
                         "missing weak-linked target class",
                         cat->name, cat);
               }
               continue;
          }
          // Process this category.
          // First, register the category with its target class.
          // Then, rebuild the class's method lists (etc) if
          // the class is realized.
          BOOL classExists = NO;
          if (cat->instanceMethods || cat->protocols || cat->instanceProperties)
          {
               addUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls, hi);
               if (cls->isRealized()) {
                    remethodizeClass(cls);
                    classExists = YES;
               }
               if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: found category -%s(%s) %s",
                         cls->nameForLogging(), cat->name,
                         classExists ? "on existing class" : "");
               }
          }
          if (cat->classMethods || cat->protocols /* || cat->classProperties */)
          {
               addUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls->ISA(), hi);
               if (cls->ISA()->isRealized()) {
                    remethodizeClass(cls->ISA());
               }
               if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: found category +%s(%s)",
                         cls->nameForLogging(), cat->name);
               }
          }
     }
}

//調用remethodizeClass方法,在其實現裏調用attachCategoryMethods
static void
attachCategoryMethods(Class cls, category_list *cats, bool flushCaches)
{
     if (!cats) return;
     if (PrintReplacedMethods) printReplacements(cls, cats);
     bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();
     method_list_t **mlists = (method_list_t **)
          _malloc_internal(cats->count * sizeof(*mlists));
     // Count backwards through cats to get newest categories first
     int mcount = 0;
     int i = cats->count;
     BOOL fromBundle = NO;
     while (i--) {
          method_list_t *mlist = cat_method_list(cats->list[i].cat, isMeta);
          if (mlist) {
               mlists[mcount++] = mlist;
               fromBundle |= cats->list[i].fromBundle;
          }
     }
     attachMethodLists(cls, mlists, mcount, NO, fromBundle, flushCaches);
     _free_internal(mlists);
}

示例,下面的代碼會編譯錯誤,Runtime Crash還是會正常輸出

@interface NSObject (Sark)
+ (void)foo;
@end
@implementation NSObject (Sark)
- (void)foo
{
     NSLog(@"IMP: -[NSObject(Sark) foo]");
}
@end
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
     @autoreleasepool {
          [NSObject foo];
          [[NSObject new] foo];
     }
     return 0;
}
//結果,正常輸出結果如下
2014-11-06 13:11:46.694 Test[14872:1110786] IMP: -[NSObject(Sark) foo]
2014-11-06 13:11:46.695 Test[14872:1110786] IMP: -[NSObject(Sark) foo]

objc runtime加載後NSObject的Sark Category被加載,頭文件+(void)foo沒有IMP,只會出現一個warning。被加到Class的Method list裏的方法只有-(void)foo,Meta Class的方法列表裏沒有。

執行[NSObject foo]時,會在Meta Class的Method list裏找,找不着就繼續往super class裏找,NSObject Meta Clas的super class是NSObject本身,這時在NSObject的Method list裏就有foo這個方法了,能夠正常輸出。

執行[[NSObject new] foo]就簡單的多了,[NSObject new]生成一個實例,實例的Method list是有foo方法的,於是正常輸出。

Protocol

Protocol其實就是一個對象結構體

typedef struct objc_object Protocol;

操作函數

Category操作函數信息都包含在objc_class中,我們可以通過objc_class的操作函數來獲取分類的操作函數信息。

@interface RuntimeCategoryClass : NSObject
- (void)method1;
@end

@interface RuntimeCategoryClass (Category)
- (void)method2;
@end

@implementation RuntimeCategoryClass
- (void)method1 {
}

@end

@implementation RuntimeCategoryClass (Category)
- (void)method2 {
}

@end

#pragma mark -
NSLog(@"測試objc_class中的方法列表是否包含分類中的方法");
unsigned int outCount = 0;
Method *methodList = class_copyMethodList(RuntimeCategoryClass.class, &outCount);

for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
     Method method = methodList[i];

     const char *name = sel_getName(method_getName(method));

     NSLog(@"RuntimeCategoryClass's method: %s", name);

     if (strcmp(name, sel_getName(@selector(method2)))) {
          NSLog(@"分類方法method2在objc_class的方法列表中");
     }
}

//輸出
2014-11-08 10:36:39.213 [561:151847] 測試objc_class中的方法列表是否包含分類中的方法
2014-11-08 10:36:39.215 [561:151847] RuntimeCategoryClass's method: method2
2014-11-08 10:36:39.215 [561:151847] RuntimeCategoryClass's method: method1
2014-11-08 10:36:39.215 [561:151847] 分類方法method2在objc_class的方法列表中

Runtime提供了Protocol的一系列函數操作,函數包括

// 返回指定的協議
Protocol * objc_getProtocol ( const char *name );
// 獲取運行時所知道的所有協議的數組
Protocol ** objc_copyProtocolList ( unsigned int *outCount );
// 創建新的協議實例
Protocol * objc_allocateProtocol ( const char *name );
// 在運行時中註冊新創建的協議
void objc_registerProtocol ( Protocol *proto ); //創建一個新協議後必須使用這個進行註冊這個新協議,但是註冊後不能夠再修改和添加新方法。
// 爲協議添加方法
void protocol_addMethodDescription ( Protocol *proto, SEL name, const char *types, BOOL isRequiredMethod, BOOL isInstanceMethod );
// 添加一個已註冊的協議到協議中
void protocol_addProtocol ( Protocol *proto, Protocol *addition );
// 爲協議添加屬性
void protocol_addProperty ( Protocol *proto, const char *name, const objc_property_attribute_t *attributes, unsigned int attributeCount, BOOL isRequiredProperty, BOOL isInstanceProperty );
// 返回協議名
const char * protocol_getName ( Protocol *p );
// 測試兩個協議是否相等
BOOL protocol_isEqual ( Protocol *proto, Protocol *other );
// 獲取協議中指定條件的方法的方法描述數組
struct objc_method_description * protocol_copyMethodDescriptionList ( Protocol *p, BOOL isRequiredMethod, BOOL isInstanceMethod, unsigned int *outCount );
// 獲取協議中指定方法的方法描述
struct objc_method_description protocol_getMethodDescription ( Protocol *p, SEL aSel, BOOL isRequiredMethod, BOOL isInstanceMethod );
// 獲取協議中的屬性列表
objc_property_t * protocol_copyPropertyList ( Protocol *proto, unsigned int *outCount );
// 獲取協議的指定屬性
objc_property_t protocol_getProperty ( Protocol *proto, const char *name, BOOL isRequiredProperty, BOOL isInstanceProperty );
// 獲取協議採用的協議
Protocol ** protocol_copyProtocolList ( Protocol *proto, unsigned int *outCount );
// 查看協議是否採用了另一個協議
BOOL protocol_conformsToProtocol ( Protocol *proto, Protocol *other );

Block

runtime中一些支持block操作的函數

// 創建一個指針函數的指針,該函數調用時會調用特定的block
IMP imp_implementationWithBlock ( id block );

// 返回與IMP(使用imp_implementationWithBlock創建的)相關的block
id imp_getBlock ( IMP anImp );

// 解除block與IMP(使用imp_implementationWithBlock創建的)的關聯關係,並釋放block的拷貝
BOOL imp_removeBlock ( IMP anImp );

測試代碼

@interface MyRuntimeBlock : NSObject

@end

@implementation MyRuntimeBlock

@end

IMP imp = imp_implementationWithBlock(^(id obj, NSString *str) {
     NSLog(@"%@", str);
});
class_addMethod(MyRuntimeBlock.class, @selector(testBlock:), imp, "v@:@");
MyRuntimeBlock *runtime = [[MyRuntimeBlock alloc] init];
[runtime performSelector:@selector(testBlock:) withObject:@"hello world!"];

//結果
2014-11-09 14:03:19.779 [1172:395446] hello world!

Runtime的應用

獲取系統提供的庫相關信息

主要函數

// 獲取所有加載的Objective-C框架和動態庫的名稱
const char ** objc_copyImageNames ( unsigned int *outCount );

// 獲取指定類所在動態庫
const char * class_getImageName ( Class cls );

// 獲取指定庫或框架中所有類的類名
const char ** objc_copyClassNamesForImage ( const char *image, unsigned int *outCount );

通過這些函數就能夠獲取某個類所有的庫,以及某個庫中包含哪些類

NSLog(@"獲取指定類所在動態庫");

NSLog(@"UIView's Framework: %s", class_getImageName(NSClassFromString(@"UIView")));

NSLog(@"獲取指定庫或框架中所有類的類名");
const char ** classes = objc_copyClassNamesForImage(class_getImageName(NSClassFromString(@"UIView")), &outCount);
for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
     NSLog(@"class name: %s", classes[i]);
}

//結果
2014-11-08 12:57:32.689 [747:184013] 獲取指定類所在動態庫
2014-11-08 12:57:32.690 [747:184013] UIView's Framework: /System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework/UIKit
2014-11-08 12:57:32.690 [747:184013] 獲取指定庫或框架中所有類的類名
2014-11-08 12:57:32.691 [747:184013] class name: UIKeyboardPredictiveSettings
2014-11-08 12:57:32.691 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerViewTopFrame
2014-11-08 12:57:32.691 [747:184013] class name: _UIOnePartImageView
2014-11-08 12:57:32.692 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerViewSelectionBar
2014-11-08 12:57:32.692 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerWheelView
2014-11-08 12:57:32.692 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerViewTestParameters
......

對App的用戶行爲進行追蹤

就是用戶點擊時把事件記錄下來。一般比較做法就是在viewDidAppear裏記錄事件,這樣會讓這樣記錄事件的代碼遍佈整個項目中。繼承或類別也會有問題。這時利用Method Swizzling把一個方法的實現和另一個方法的實現進行替換。

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