Linux配置IP地址
Linux下一切皆文件，要想配置的參數永久有效基本上要修改配置文件。以下主要講怎麼使用ifconfig，route，ip等命令配置IP地址等相關參數並配置相關配置文件使其永久有效。主要使用CentOS 6系列
重啓網絡服務
從CentOS 6系列開始系統默認使用 /etc/init.d/NetworkManager腳本管理網絡服務。但也可使用/etc/init.d/network來管理。NetworkManager不支持網絡橋接等高級功能。以下使用實例
NetworkManager腳本
/etc/init.d/NetworkManager {start|stop|status|restart}
或者
service NetworkManager{start|stop|status|restar}
[root@www ~]# service NetworkManager start
Setting network parameters... [ OK ]
Starting NetworkManager daemon:
[root@www ~]# service NetworkManager stop
Stopping NetworkManager daemon: [ OK ]
[root@www ~]# service NetworkManager restart
Stopping NetworkManager daemon: [ OK ]
Setting network parameters... [ OK ]
Starting NetworkManager daemon: [ OK ]
network腳本
/etc/init.d/network {start|stop|status|restart|reload}
或者
Service network {start|stop|status|restart|reload}
[root@www ~]# service network stop
Shutting down loopback interface: [ OK ]
[root@www ~]# service network start
Bringing up loopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing up interface eth0: [ OK ]
[root@www ~]# service network restart
Shutting down interface eth0: [ OK ]
Shutting down loopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing up loopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing up interface eth0: [ OK ]
[root@www ~]# service network status
Configureddevices:
lo eth0
Currently activedevices:
lo eth0 eth1
[root@www ~]# service network reload
Shutting downinterface eth0: [ OK ]
Shutting downloopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing uploopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing upinterface eth0: [ OK ]
ifconfig
ifconfig是最常用的查看及配置IP的命令，使用十分簡單。但只是當時有效重啓網絡服務或者重啓計算機即失效
ifconfig 查看啓用了的網卡
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:4F:66:B2
inet addr:192.168.43.2 Bcast:192.168.43.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe4f:66b2/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:144 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:14976 (14.6 KiB) TXbytes:8234 (8.0 KiB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inetaddr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:24 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:24 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:1560 (1.5 KiB) TXbytes:1560 (1.5 KiB)
ifconfig - a 查看系統所有網卡
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:4F:66:B2
inet addr:192.168.43.2 Bcast:192.168.43.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe4f:66b2/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:866 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:777 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:75777 (74.0 KiB) TXbytes:66732 (65.1 KiB)
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:4F:66:BC
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0b)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:24 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:24 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:1560 (1.5 KiB) TXbytes:1560 (1.5 KiB)
ifconfig eth*查看單個網卡
[root@www ~]# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:4F:66:B2
inet addr:192.168.43.2 Bcast:192.168.43.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe4f:66b2/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1255 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1154 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:108690 (106.1 KiB) TXbytes:99586 (97.2 KiB)
ifconfig配置臨時使用的IP地址
ifconfig是紅帽系列系統上的老牌管理命令道7系列這個命令將被廢棄改用ip命令配置IP地址這個命令配置管理IP地址簡單方便。
ifconfig eth* IP/MASK位數
[root@www ~]# ifconfig eth1 192.168.1.1/24
[root@www ~]# ifconfig eth1
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:4F:66:BC
inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe4f:66bc/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:468(468.0 b)
ifconfig eth* [up|down] 啓用或者禁用網卡
[root@www ~]# ifconfig lo down
[root@www ~]# ifconfig eth1 down
[root@www ~]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:4F:66:B2
inet addr:192.168.43.2 Bcast:192.168.43.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe4f:66b2/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1811 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1485 errors:0dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:157057 (153.3 KiB) TXbytes:137398 (134.1 KiB)
route命令配置路由和gateway。
route命令可以查看並配置路由和gateway，
route 查看計算機上的路由條目
[root@www ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 eth0
default zhaopeng 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
U代表UP
G代表gateway網關路由
[root@www ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 eth0
0.0.0.0 192.168.43.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
route 添加路由條目
route add –net 目標網絡/MASK位數 gw 本地網關地址
[root@CentOS ~]# route add -net 10.0.0.0/8 gw 192.168.43.1
[root@CentOS ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
10.0.0.0 192.168.43.1 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
route 刪除路由
route del –net Destination網絡/MASK位數
[root@CentOS ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
10.0.0.0 192.168.43.1 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
[root@CentOS ~]# route del -net 10.0.0.0/8
[root@CentOS ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
添加及刪除默認路由
添加默認路由和刪除默認路由都有兩種方法。
route add default gw 網關地址 或者 routeadd –net 0.0.0.0 gw 網關地址
route deldefault route del –net 0.0.0.0
[root@CentOS ~]# route add default gw 192.168.43.1
[root@CentOS ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0eth0
default 192.168.43.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
[root@CentOS ~]# route del -net 0.0.0.0
[root@CentOS ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.43.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
配置永久的IP和路由
ifconfig route配置的都是臨時的只有寫在配置文件的參數纔會永久有效不會立即生效重啓主機或服務有效
IP
ip地址的配置文件vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*
DEVICE=eth0 設備名稱一定要與eth*的名字匹配
HWADDR=00:0C:29:57:5C:BB 網卡的MAC地址
TYPE=Ethernet 類型
ONBOOT=yes 開機是否激活此接口
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=static 引導協議 3個選項{static|none|dhcp}static和none表示使用靜態地址
IPADDR=192.168.1.112 IP地址
NETAMSK=255.255.255.0 子網掩碼
GETWAY=192.168.1.1 網關地址
DNS1=61.128.128.68 DNS服務器地址
route路由
路由的配置文件vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth*
Destination/mask位數 via nexthop
192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1
添加默認路由
default via 192.168.1.1
0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.1.1
DNS指向
[root@CentOS ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf DNS配置文件但是建議直接寫在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*文件中
# Generated by NetworkManager
# No nameservers found; try putting DNSservers into your
# ifcfg files in/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts like so:
# DNS1=xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
# DNS2=xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
# DOMAIN=lab.foo.com bar.foo.com
nameserver 61.128.128.68 ：命名規則
setup配置ip dns等信息
直接輸入setup命令
IP命令的使用
重啓計算機就將失效，重啓網絡服務不會失效。
ip link
ip link show 查看網絡接口信息
ip link show [dev]
[root@CentOS ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0:<BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:5c:bb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@CentOS ~]# ip link show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP>mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:5c:bb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ip –s link show [dev] 查看接口收發了多少包
[root@CentOS ~]# ip -s link show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether00:0c:29:57:5c:bb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast
185812 2152 0 0 0 0
TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns
128240 1187 0 0 0 0
ip link set [dev] [up|down]
[root@www ~]# ip link set eth1 down
[root@www ~]# ip link show
1: lo:<LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0:<BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:4f:66:b2 brdff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdiscpfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:4f:66:bcbrd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ip addr
ip aadr show [dev] 查看ip地址
ip addr add IP/mask位數 dev eth* 添加ip地址
[root@www ~]# ip addr add10.1.1.1/8 dev eth1
[root@www ~]# ip addr show eth1
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:4f:66:bc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.1.1.1/8 scope global eth1
ip addr del address dev eth*
[root@www ~]# ip addr del 10.1.1.1/8 deveth1
ip addr flush [dev] to ip/mask位數
[root@www ~]# ip addr show eth1
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:4f:66:bc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.100.1/24 scope global eth1
inet 10.2.2.2/8 scope global eth1
[root@www ~]# ip addr flush eth1 to 10/8
[root@www ~]# ip addr show eth1
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:4f:66:bc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.100.1/24scope global eth1
ip route
ip route add to destination網絡/mask位數 dev eth*via 網關地址
[root@CentOS ~]# ip route add to 192.168.100.0/24 dev eth0 via 192.168.43.1
[root@CentOS ~]# ip route show
192.168.100.0/24 via 192.168.43.1 dev eth0
192.168.43.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.43.3
總結：
ifconfig和route配置十分簡單配置很容易功能比較單一，ip命令是屬於iproute2軟件包中的一個強大的網絡配置工具功能十分強悍建議學習使用ip命令。
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