一文讀懂HttpServletRequest

一、HttpServletRequest介紹

HttpServletRequest對象代表客戶端的請求,當客戶端通過HTTP協議訪問服務器時,HTTP請求頭中的所有信息都封裝在這個對象中,通過這個對象提供的方法,可以獲得客戶端請求的所有信息。

二、jsp頁面引入js,css文件的方式

在eclipse中新建一個web項目,目錄結構如下:

image

在jsp頁面的最開始,獲取項目的根路徑:

<%
   String path = request.getContextPath();
   String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://"
           + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort()
           + path + "/";
%>

在中,插入下述代碼:

<base href="<%=basePath%>" />

這句代碼的作用是將整個頁面的根路徑設置爲項目路徑。

三、Request常用方法

1、獲得客戶機信息

getRequestURL()

返回客戶端發出請求時的完整URL。

getRequestURI()

返回請求行中的資源名部分。

getQueryString ()

返回請求行中的參數部分。

getRemoteAddr()

返回發出請求的客戶機的IP地址。

getPathInfo()

返回請求URL中的額外路徑信息。額外路徑信息是請求URL中的位於Servlet的路徑之後和查詢參數之前的內容,它以"/"開頭。

getRemoteHost()

返回發出請求的客戶機的完整主機名。

getRemotePort()

返回客戶機所使用的網絡端口號。

getLocalAddr()

返回WEB服務器的IP地址。

getLocalName()

返回WEB服務器的主機名。

private void RequestMessages(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{
    String reqUrl = req.getRequestURL().toString();//得到請求的URL地址
    String reqUri = req.getRequestURI();//得到請求的資源
    String queryString = req.getQueryString();//得到請求的URL地址中附帶的參數
    String remoteAddr = req.getRemoteAddr();//得到來訪者的IP地址
    String remoteHost = req.getRemoteHost();
    int remotePort = req.getRemotePort();
    String remoteUser = req.getRemoteUser();
    String method = req.getMethod();//得到請求URL地址時使用的方法
    String pathInfo = req.getPathInfo();
    String localAddr = req.getLocalAddr();//獲取WEB服務器的IP地址
    String localName = req.getLocalName();//獲取WEB服務器的主機名
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//設置將字符以"UTF-8"編碼輸出到客戶端瀏覽器
    //通過設置響應頭控制瀏覽器以UTF-8的編碼顯示數據,如果不加這句話,那麼瀏覽器顯示的將是亂碼
    resp.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");
    PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
    out.write("獲取到的客戶機信息如下:");
    out.write("
");
    out.write("請求的URL地址:"+reqUrl);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("請求的資源:"+reqUri);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("請求的URL地址中附帶的參數:"+queryString);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("來訪者的IP地址:"+remoteAddr);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("來訪者的主機名:"+remoteHost);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("使用的端口號:"+remotePort);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("remoteUser:"+remoteUser);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("請求使用的方法:"+method);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("pathInfo:"+pathInfo);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("localAddr:"+localAddr);
    out.write("
");
    out.write("localName:"+localName);
}

2.png

2、獲得客戶機請求頭

  • getHeader(string name)方法:String
  • getHeaders(String name)方法:Enumeration
  • getHeaderNames()方法
private void RequestHead(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");//設置將字符以"UTF-8"編碼輸出到客戶端瀏覽器
    //通過設置響應頭控制瀏覽器以UTF-8的編碼顯示數據
    resp.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=UTF-8");
    PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
    Enumeration reqHeadInfos = req.getHeaderNames();//獲取所有的請求頭
    out.write("獲取到的客戶端所有的請求頭信息如下:");
    out.write("
");
    while (reqHeadInfos.hasMoreElements()) {
        String headName = (String) reqHeadInfos.nextElement();
        String headValue = req.getHeader(headName);//根據請求頭的名字獲取對應的請求頭的值
        out.write(headName+":"+headValue);
        out.write("
");
    }
    out.write("
");
    out.write("獲取到的客戶端Accept-Encoding請求頭的值:");
    out.write("
");
    String value = req.getHeader("Accept-Encoding");//獲取Accept-Encoding請求頭對應的值
    out.write(value);

    Enumeration e = req.getHeaders("Accept-Encoding");
    while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
        String string = (String) e.nextElement();
        System.out.println(string);
    }
}

image

3、獲得客戶機請求參數

getParameter(String name)

根據name獲取請求參數(常用)

getParameterValues(String name)

根據name獲取請求參數列表(常用)

getParameterMap()

返回的是一個Map類型的值,該返回值記錄着前端(如jsp頁面)所提交請求中的請求參數和請求參數值的映射關係。(編寫框架時常用)

如下表單:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%
   String path = request.getContextPath();
   String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://"
           + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort()
           + path + "/";
%>
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<title>表單提交title>
<link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js">script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.js">script>
head>
<body>
    <form class="form-horizontal" action="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/GetParameterRequest.html" role="form" method="post">
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="firstname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">名字label>
            <div class="col-sm-3">
                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name"
                    placeholder="請輸入名字">
            div>
        div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="lastname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">年齡label>
            <div class="col-sm-3">
                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="age"
                    placeholder="請輸年齡">
            div>
        div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="lastname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">性別label>
            <div class="col-sm-3">
                <input type="radio" name="sex" value="男" checked>男
                <input type="radio" name="sex" value="女">女
            div>
        div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="lastname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">愛好label>
            <div class="col-sm-3">
                <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="唱歌">唱歌
                <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="上網">上網
                <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="遊戲">遊戲
                <input type="checkbox" name="aihao" value="看書">看書
            div>
        div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <div class="col-sm-offset-1 col-sm-3">
                <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交button>
                <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重置button>
            div>
        div>
    form>
body>
html>

使用getParameter方法和getParameterValues方法接收表單參數:

public class GetParameterRequest extends HttpServlet{

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L;

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //客戶端是以UTF-8編碼提交表單數據的,所以需要設置服務器端以UTF-8的編碼進行接收,否則對於中文數據就會產生亂碼
        req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        //獲取名字
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        //獲取年齡
        String age = req.getParameter("age");
        //獲取性別
        String sex = req.getParameter("sex");
        //獲取愛好,因爲可以選中多個值,所以獲取到的值是一個字符串數組,因此需要使用getParameterValues方法來獲取
        String[] aihaos = req.getParameterValues("aihao");

        String aihao = "";
        if(aihaos != null){
            for (int i = 0; i < aihaos.length; i++) {
                if(i == aihaos.length - 1){
                    aihao += aihaos[i];
                } else {
                    aihao += aihaos[i] + ",";
                }
            }
        }
        System.out.println("名字:" + name);
        System.out.println("年齡:" + age);
        System.out.println("性別:" + sex);
        System.out.println("愛好:" + aihao);
        req.setAttribute("aihao", aihao);
        //設置服務器端以UTF-8編碼輸出數據到客戶端
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/request.jsp").forward(req, resp);
    }
}

響應頁面:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%
   String path = request.getContextPath();
   String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://"
           + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort()
           + path + "/";
%>
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<title>表單提交title>
<link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js">script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.js">script>
head>
<body>
<table class="table">
   <thead>
      <tr>
         <th>名稱th>
         <th>結果th>
      tr>
   thead>
   <tbody>
      <tr>
         <td>姓名td>
         <td><%=request.getParameter("name") %>td>
      tr>
      <tr>
         <td>年齡td>
         <td><%=request.getParameter("age") %>td>
      tr>
      <tr>
         <td>性別td>
         <td><%=request.getParameter("sex") %>td>
      tr>
      <tr>
         <td>愛好td>
         <td><%=request.getAttribute("aihao") %>td>
      tr>
   tbody>
table>
body>
html>

提交如下表單:

image

後臺打印:

image

運行結果如下:

image

四、request接收表單提交中文參數亂碼問題

1、以POST方式提交表單中文參數的亂碼問題

有如下表單:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%
   String path = request.getContextPath();
   String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://"
           + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort()
           + path + "/";
%>
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<title>表單提交title>
<link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js">script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.js">script>
head>
<body>
    <form class="form-horizontal" action="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/PostRequest.html" role="form" method="post">
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="firstname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">名字label>
            <div class="col-sm-3">
                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name"
                    placeholder="請輸入名字">
            div>
        div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <div class="col-sm-offset-1 col-sm-3">
                <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交button>
                <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重置button>
            div>
        div>
    form>
body>
html>

後臺接收參數:

public class PostRequest extends HttpServlet{

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L;

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        System.out.println("名字:" + name);
    }
}

提交數據:

image

運行結果:

image

之所以會產生亂碼,就是因爲服務器和客戶端溝通的編碼不一致造成的,因此解決的辦法是:在客戶端和服務器之間設置一個統一的編碼,之後就按照此編碼進行數據的傳輸和接收。

由於客戶端是以UTF-8字符編碼將表單數據傳輸到服務器端的,因此服務器也需要設置以UTF-8字符編碼進行接收,通過setCharacterEncoding方法統一編碼格式:

public class PostRequest extends HttpServlet{

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L;

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //設置服務器以UTF-8的編碼接收數據
        req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        System.out.println("名字:" + name);
    }
}

重新提交表單,中文亂碼解決:

image

2、以GET方式提交表單中文參數的亂碼問題

有如下表單:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%
   String path = request.getContextPath();
   String basePath = request.getScheme() + "://"
           + request.getServerName() + ":" + request.getServerPort()
           + path + "/";
%>
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<title>表單提交title>
<link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="js/jquery-3.2.1.js">script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.js">script>
head>
<body>
    <form class="form-horizontal" action="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/GetRequest.html" role="form" method="get">
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="firstname" class="col-sm-1 control-label">名字label>
            <div class="col-sm-3">
                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name"
                    placeholder="請輸入名字">
            div>
        div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <div class="col-sm-offset-1 col-sm-3">
                <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交button>
                <button type="reset" class="btn btn-default">重置button>
            div>
        div>
    form>
body>
html>

後臺接收參數:

public class GetRequest extends HttpServlet{

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L;

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        System.out.println("名字:" + name);
    }
}

提交數據:

image

運行結果:

image

之所以會產生亂碼,對於以get方式傳輸的數據,默認的還是使用ISO8859-1這個字符編碼來接收數據,客戶端以UTF-8的編碼傳輸數據到服務器端,而服務器端的request對象使用的是ISO8859-1這個字符編碼來接收數據,服務器和客戶端溝通的編碼不一致因此纔會產生中文亂碼的。

解決方法:

在接收到數據後,先獲取request對象以ISO8859-1字符編碼接收到的原始數據的字節數組,然後通過字節數組以指定的編碼構建字符串

public class GetRequest extends HttpServlet{

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3903946972744326948L;

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String name = req.getParameter("name");
        //以ISO8859-1字符編碼接收到的原始數據的字節數組,然後通過字節數組以指定的編碼構建字符串
        name = new String(name.getBytes("ISO8859-1") , "UTF-8");
        System.out.println("名字:" + name);
    }
}

重新提交表單,中文亂碼解決:

image

五、Request對象實現請求轉發

4.1、請求轉發的基本概念

請求轉發:指一個web資源收到客戶端請求後,通知服務器去調用另外一個web資源進行處理。

請求轉發的應用場景:MVC設計模式

在Servlet中實現請求轉發的兩種方式:

1、通過ServletContext的getRequestDispatcher(String path)方法,該方法返回一個RequestDispatcher對象,調用這個對象的forward方法可以實現請求轉發。

例如:將請求轉發的test.jsp頁面

RequestDispatcher reqDispatcher =this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/test.jsp");
reqDispatcher.forward(request, response);

 ** 2、通過request對象提供的getRequestDispatche(String path)方法,該方法返回一個RequestDispatcher對象,調用這個對象的forward方法可以實現請求轉發。**

例如:將請求轉發的test.jsp頁面

request.getRequestDispatcher("/test.jsp").forward(request, response);

request對象同時也是一個域對象(Map容器),開發人員通過request對象在實現轉發時,把數據通過request對象帶給其它web資源處理。

例如:請求RequestDemo06 Servlet,RequestDemo06將請求轉發到test.jsp頁面

package gacl.request.study;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class RequestDemo06 extends HttpServlet {

    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {

        String data="大家好,我是孤傲蒼狼,我正在總結JavaWeb";
        /**
         * 將數據存放到request對象中,此時把request對象當作一個Map容器來使用
         */
        request.setAttribute("data", data);
        //客戶端訪問RequestDemo06這個Servlet後,RequestDemo06通知服務器將請求轉發(forward)到test.jsp頁面進行處理
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/test.jsp").forward(request, response);
    }

    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request, response);
    }
}

test.jsp頁面代碼如下:

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Request對象實現請求轉發</title>
  </head>

  <body>
      使用普通方式取出存儲在request對象中的數據:
      <h3 style="color:red;"><%=(String)request.getAttribute("data")%></h3>
     使用EL表達式取出存儲在request對象中的數據:
     <h3 style="color:red;">${data}</h3>
  </body>
</html>

request對象作爲一個域對象(Map容器)使用時,主要是通過以下的四個方法來操作

  • setAttribute(String name,Object o)方法,將數據作爲request對象的一個屬性存放到request對象中,例如:request.setAttribute("data", data);
  • getAttribute(String name)方法,獲取request對象的name屬性的屬性值,例如:request.getAttribute("data")
  • removeAttribute(String name)方法,移除request對象的name屬性,例如:request.removeAttribute("data")
  • getAttributeNames方法,獲取request對象的所有屬性名,返回的是一個,例如:Enumeration attrNames = request.getAttributeNames();

4.2、請求重定向和請求轉發的區別

一個web資源收到客戶端請求後,通知服務器去調用另外一個web資源進行處理,稱之爲請求轉發/307。

一個web資源收到客戶端請求後,通知瀏覽器去訪問另外一個web資源進行處理,稱之爲請求重定向/302。

參考資料

http://www.cnblogs.com/xdp-gacl/p/3798347.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/Zender/p/7647503.html
發表評論
所有評論
還沒有人評論,想成為第一個評論的人麼? 請在上方評論欄輸入並且點擊發布.
相關文章