COBBLER無人值守安裝
說在最前面的話
在看Cobbler之前請大家先看一下Kickstart無人值守安裝，瞭解一下Cobbler的實現原理。但是Cobbler是獨立的，不需要先安裝Kickstart然後再安裝Cobbler，這是寫給不瞭解Kickstart的人看的。
1. Cobbler介紹
Cobbler是一個Linux服務器安裝的服務，可以通過網絡啓動(PXE)的方式來快速安裝、重裝物理服務器和虛擬機，同時還可以管理DHCP，DNS等。
Cobbler可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基於Web的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，還提供了API接口，可以方便二次開發使用。
Cobbler是較早前的kickstart的升級版，優點是比較容易配置，還自帶web界面比較易於管理。
Cobbler內置了一個輕量級配置管理系統，但它也支持和其它配置管理系統集成，如Puppet，暫時不支持SaltStack。
1.1 Cobbler集成的服務
PXE服務支持
DHCP服務管理
DNS服務管理(可選bind,dnsmasq)
電源管理
Kickstart服務支持
YUM倉庫管理
TFTP(PXE啓動時需要)
Apache(提供kickstart的安裝源，並提供定製化的kickstart配置)
1.2 系統環境準備
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 6.7 (Final)[root@linux-node1 ~]# uname -r2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64[root@linux-node1 ~]# getenforceDisabled[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/iptables statusiptables: Firewall is not running.[root@linux-node1 ~]# ifconfig eth0|awk -F "[ :]+" 'NR==2 {print $4}'10.0.0.7[root@linux-node1 ~]# hostnamelinux-node1.example.com# 配置阿里雲的epel源[root@linux-node1 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-6.repo注意：
虛擬機網卡採用NAT模式，不要使用橋接模式，因爲稍後我們會搭建DHCP服務器，在同一局域網多個DHCP服務會有衝突。
VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服務也關閉，避免干擾。
2. Cobbler安裝配置
2.1 安裝Cobbler
[root@linux-node1 ~]# yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp tftp-server pykickstart httpd[root@linux-node1 ~]# rpm -ql cobbler # 查看安裝的文件，下面列出部分。/etc/cobbler # 配置文件目錄/etc/cobbler/settings # cobbler主配置文件，這個文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python寫的程序。/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # DHCP服務的配置模板/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template # tftp服務的配置模板/etc/cobbler/rsync.template # rsync服務的配置模板/etc/cobbler/iso # iso模板配置文件目錄/etc/cobbler/pxe # pxe模板文件目錄/etc/cobbler/power # 電源的配置文件目錄/etc/cobbler/users.conf # Web服務授權配置文件/etc/cobbler/users.digest # 用於web訪問的用戶名密碼配置文件/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服務的配置模板/etc/cobbler/modules.conf # Cobbler模塊配置文件/var/lib/cobbler # Cobbler數據目錄/var/lib/cobbler/config # 配置文件/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts # 默認存放kickstart文件/var/lib/cobbler/loaders # 存放的各種引導程序/var/www/cobbler # 系統安裝鏡像目錄/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror # 導入的系統鏡像列表/var/www/cobbler/p_w_picpaths # 導入的系統鏡像啓動文件/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror # yum源存儲目錄/var/log/cobbler # 日誌目錄/var/log/cobbler/install.log # 客戶端系統安裝日誌/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log # cobbler日誌
2.2 配置Cobbler
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart停止 httpd： [失敗]正在啓動 httpd： [確定][root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd startStarting cobbler daemon: [確定][root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check # 檢查Cobbler的配置，如果看不到下面的結果，再次執行/etc/init.d/cobblerd restartThe following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.3 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.4 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync5 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories6 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one7 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use themRestart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.# 看着上面的結果，一個一個解決。# 第1、2、6個問題，順便修改其他功能[root@linux-node1 ~]# cp /etc/cobbler/settings{,.ori} # 備份# server，Cobbler服務器的IP。sed -i 's/server: 127.0.0.1/server: 10.0.0.7/' /etc/cobbler/settings# next_server，如果用Cobbler管理DHCP，修改本項，作用不解釋，看kickstart。sed -i 's/next_server: 127.0.0.1/next_server: 10.0.0.7/' /etc/cobbler/settings# 用Cobbler管理DHCPsed -i 's/manage_dhcp: 0/manage_dhcp: 1/' /etc/cobbler/settings# 防止循環裝系統，適用於服務器第一啓動項是PXE啓動。sed -i 's/pxe_just_once: 0/pxe_just_once: 1/' /etc/cobbler/settings# 設置新裝系統的默認root密碼123456。下面的命令來源於提示6。random-phrase-here爲干擾碼，可以自行設定。[root@linux-node1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'oldboy' '123456'$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings default_password_crypted: "$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1" # 第3個問題[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders # 會自動從官網下載[root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/ # 下載的內容[root@linux-node1 loaders]# lsCOPYING.elilo COPYING.yaboot grub-x86_64.efi menu.c32 READMECOPYING.syslinux elilo-ia64.efi grub-x86.efi pxelinux.0 yaboot# 第4個問題[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsyncdisable = no[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/xinetd restart停止 xinetd： [確定]正在啓動 xinetd： [確定][root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd restartStopping cobbler daemon: [確定]Starting cobbler daemon: [確定][root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler checkThe following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:1 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories # 和debian系統相關，不需要2 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them # fence設備相關，不需要Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.2.3 配置DHCP
# 修改cobbler的dhcp模版，不要直接修改dhcp本身的配置文件，因爲cobbler會覆蓋。[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # 僅列出修改過的字段……subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers 10.0.0.2; option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.2; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; range dynamic-bootp 10.0.0.100 10.0.0.200;……2.4 同步cobbler配置
# 同步最新cobbler配置，它會根據配置自動修改dhcp等服務。[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync # 同步所有配置，可以仔細看一下sync做了什麼。task started: 2015-12-03_204822_synctask started (id=Sync, time=Thu Dec 3 20:48:22 2015)running pre-sync triggerscleaning treesremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/defaultremoving: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/p_w_picpathscopying bootloaderstrying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0copying: /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/menu.c32 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/menu.c32trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/yaboot -> /var/lib/tftpboot/yaboottrying hardlink /usr/share/syslinux/memdisk -> /var/lib/tftpboot/memdisktrying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efitrying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.eficopying distros to tftpbootcopying p_w_picpathsgenerating PXE configuration filesgenerating PXE menu structurerendering DHCP filesgenerating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.confrendering TFTPD filesgenerating /etc/xinetd.d/tftpcleaning link cachesrunning post-sync triggersrunning python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_servicesrunning: dhcpd -t -qreceived on stdout: received on stderr: running: service dhcpd restartreceived on stdout: 關閉 dhcpd：[確定]正在啓動 dhcpd：[確定]received on stderr: running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_trackrunning shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/**** TASK COMPLETE ***# 再看一下dhcp的配置文件。[root@linux-node1 ~]# less /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf# ******************************************************************# Cobbler managed dhcpd.conf file# generated from cobbler dhcp.conf template (Thu Dec 3 12:48:23 2015)# Do NOT make changes to /etc/dhcpd.conf. Instead, make your changes# in /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template, as /etc/dhcpd.conf will be# overwritten.# ******************************************************************ddns-update-style interim;…………
2.5 開機啓動
# 啓動相關服務並設置開機啓動(可選) 與第二種方法二選一chkconfig httpd onchkconfig xinetd onchkconfig cobblerd onchkconfig dhcpd on/etc/init.d/httpd restart/etc/init.d/xinetd restart/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart/etc/init.d/dhcpd restart# 編寫Cobbler相關服務啓動腳本(可選)cat >>/etc/init.d/cobbler<<EOF#!/bin/bash# chkconfig: 345 80 90# description:cobblercase \$1 in start) /etc/init.d/httpd start /etc/init.d/xinetd start /etc/init.d/dhcpd start /etc/init.d/cobblerd start ;; stop) /etc/init.d/httpd stop /etc/init.d/xinetd stop /etc/init.d/dhcpd stop /etc/init.d/cobblerd stop ;; restart) /etc/init.d/httpd restart /etc/init.d/xinetd restart /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart ;; status) /etc/init.d/httpd status /etc/init.d/xinetd status /etc/init.d/dhcpd status /etc/init.d/cobblerd status ;; sync) cobbler sync ;; *) echo "Input error,please in put 'start|stop|restart|status|sync'!" exit 2 ;;esacEOF# chmod +x /etc/init.d/cobbler# chkconfig cobbler on
3. Cobbler的命令行管理
3.1 查看命令幫助
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobblerusage=====cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|p_w_picpath|mgmtclass|package|file> ... [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help]cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help][root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --help # 導入鏡像Usage: cobbler [options]Options: -h, --help show this help message and exit --arch=ARCH OS architecture being imported --breed=BREED the breed being imported --os-version=OS_VERSION the version being imported --path=PATH local path or rsync location --name=NAME name, ex 'RHEL-5' --available-as=AVAILABLE_AS tree is here, don't mirror --kickstart=KICKSTART_FILE assign this kickstart file --rsync-flags=RSYNC_FLAGS pass additional flags to rsynccobbler check 覈對當前設置是否有問題cobbler list 列出所有的cobbler元素cobbler report 列出元素的詳細信息cobbler sync 同步配置到數據目錄,更改配置最好都要執行下cobbler reposync 同步yum倉庫cobbler distro 查看導入的發行版系統信息cobbler system 查看添加的系統信息cobbler profile 查看配置信息
3.2 導入鏡像
[root@linux-node1 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ # 掛載CentOS7的系統鏡像。# 導入系統鏡像[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --arch=x86_64# --path 鏡像路徑# --name 爲安裝源定義一個名字# --arch 指定安裝源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的選項有: x86│x86_64│ia64# 安裝源的唯一標示就是根據name參數來定義，本例導入成功後，安裝源的唯一標示就是：CentOS-7.1-x86_64，如果重複，系統會提示導入失敗。[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler distro list # 查看鏡像列表 CentOS-7.1-x86_64# 鏡像存放目錄，cobbler會將鏡像中的所有安裝文件拷貝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-7.1-x86_64目錄下。因此/var/www/cobbler目錄必須具有足夠容納安裝文件的空間。[root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# lsCentOS-7.1-x86_64 config[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-7.1-x86_64/CentOS_BuildTag GPL LiveOS RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7EFI p_w_picpaths Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7EULA isolinux repodata TRANS.TBL
3.3 指定ks.cfg文件及調整內核參數
# Cobbler的ks.cfg文件存放位置[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# ls # 自帶很多default.ks install_profiles sample_autoyast.xml sample_esxi4.ks sample_old.seedesxi4-ks.cfg legacy.ks sample_end.ks（默認使用的ks文件） sample_esxi5.ks sample.seedesxi5-ks.cfg pxerescue.ks sample_esx4.ks sample.ks[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# rz # 上傳準備好的ks文件rz waiting to receive.Starting zmodem transfer. Press Ctrl+C to cancel.Transferring Cobbler-CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg... 100% 1 KB 1 KB/sec 00:00:01 0 Errors[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# mv Cobbler-CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg# 在第一次導入系統鏡像後，Cobbler會給鏡像指定一個默認的kickstart自動安裝文件在/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts下的sample_end.ks。[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler listdistros: CentOS-7.1-x86_64profiles: CentOS-7.1-x86_64systems:repos:p_w_picpaths:mgmtclasses:packages:files:# 查看安裝鏡像文件信息[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64Name : CentOS-7.1-x86_64Architecture : x86_64TFTP Boot Files : {}Breed : redhatComment : Fetchable Files : {}Initrd : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/initrd.imgKernel : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/vmlinuzKernel Options : {}Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}Kickstart Metadata : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.1-x86_64'}Management Classes : []OS Version : rhel7Owners : ['admin']Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>Template Files : {}# 查看所有的profile設置[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report# 查看指定的profile設置[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64Name : CentOS-7.1-x86_64TFTP Boot Files : {}Comment : DHCP Tag : defaultDistribution : CentOS-7.1-x86_64Enable gPXE? : 0Enable PXE Menu? : 1Fetchable Files : {}Kernel Options : {}Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks -->默認ks文件Kickstart Metadata : {}Management Classes : []Management Parameters : <<inherit>>Name Servers : []Name Servers Search Path : []Owners : ['admin']Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>Repos : []Server Override : <<inherit>>Template Files : {}Virt Auto Boot : 1Virt Bridge : xenbr0Virt CPUs : 1Virt Disk Driver Type : rawVirt File Size(GB) : 5Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512Virt Type : kvm# 編輯profile，修改關聯的ks文件[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg# 修改安裝系統的內核參數，在CentOS7系統有一個地方變了，就是網卡名變成eno16777736這種形式，但是爲了運維標準化，我們需要將它變成我們常用的eth0，因此使用下面的參數。但要注意是CentOS7才需要下面的步驟，CentOS6不需要。[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report CentOS-7.1-x86_64Name : CentOS-7.1-x86_64TFTP Boot Files : {}Comment : DHCP Tag : defaultDistribution : CentOS-7.1-x86_64Enable gPXE? : 0Enable PXE Menu? : 1Fetchable Files : {}Kernel Options : {'biosdevname': '0', 'net.ifnames': '0'}Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfgKickstart Metadata : {}Management Classes : []Management Parameters : <<inherit>>Name Servers : []Name Servers Search Path : []Owners : ['admin']Parent Profile : Internal proxy : Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>Repos : []Server Override : <<inherit>>Template Files : {}Virt Auto Boot : 1Virt Bridge : xenbr0Virt CPUs : 1Virt Disk Driver Type : rawVirt File Size(GB) : 5Virt Path : Virt RAM (MB) : 512Virt Type : kvm# 每次修改完都要同步一次[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync3.4 安裝系統
可以很愉快的告訴你到這裏就可以安裝系統了！
新建一臺虛擬機，不解釋，開機就可以看到下面的圖片了！
有沒有發現不美觀的地方？
網址不是我的！改！
#修改Cobbler提示[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.templateMENU TITLE Cobbler | http://www.zyops.com[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync # 修改配置都要同步
OK，現在好看多了。選擇第二項就可以繼續裝機了。你可以讓系統飛着，然後接着看下文！！
4. ks.cfg文件簡析
文件大部分參數含義見kickstart文章，此處只講一些不同的地方。同時可以參考模板文件。
[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cat CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7.1 by yao zhanginstallurl --url=$tree # 這些$開頭的變量都是調用配置文件裏的值。textlang en_US.UTF-8keyboard uszerombrbootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"# Network information$SNIPPET('network_config')timezone --utc Asia/Shanghaiauthconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_cryptedclearpart --all --initlabelpart /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024 # CentOS7系統磁盤默認格式xfspart swap --size 1024part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --growfirstboot --disableselinux --disabledfirewall --disabledlogging --level=inforeboot%pre$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')# Enable installation monitoring$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')%end%packages@base@compat-libraries@debugging@developmenttreenmapsysstatlrzszdos2unixtelnetiptrafncurses-developenssl-develzlib-develOpenIPMI-toolsscreen%end%postsystemctl disable postfix.service%end5. 定製化安裝
可能從學習kickstart開始就有人想怎樣能夠指定某臺服務器使用指定ks文件，kickstart實現這功能可能比較複雜，但是Cobbler就很簡單了。
區分一臺服務器的最簡單的方法就是物理MAC地址。
物理服務器的MAC地址在服務器上的標籤上寫了。
虛擬機的MAC查看
cobbler system add --name=oldboy --mac=00：0C：29：7F：2F：A1 --profile=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --ip-address=10.0.0.111 --subnet=255.255.255.0 --gateway=10.0.0.2 --interface=eth0 --static=1 --hostname=oldboy.example.com --name-servers="114.114.114.114 8.8.8.8"# --name 自定義，但不能重複# 查看定義的列表[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler system list oldboy[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync
再次開機安裝就不再詢問選擇了，直接安裝。
6. Cobbler的Web管理界面的安裝與配置
已經安裝cobbler-web軟件。
訪問網址：http://10.0.0.7/cobbler_web和https://10.0.0.7/cobbler_web
默認用戶名：cobbler
默認密碼 ：cobbler
/etc/cobbler/users.conf # Web服務授權配置文件/etc/cobbler/users.digest # 用於web訪問的用戶名密碼配置文件[root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/cobbler/users.digestcobbler:Cobbler:a2d6bae81669d707b72c0bd9806e01f3# 設置Cobbler web用戶登陸密碼# 在Cobbler組添加cobbler用戶，提示輸入2遍密碼確認[root@linux-node1 ~]# htdigest /etc/cobbler/users.digest "Cobbler" cobblerChanging password for user cobbler in realm CobblerNew password: 123456Re-type new password:123456[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart停止 httpd： [確定]正在啓動 httpd： [確定][root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd restartStopping cobbler daemon: [確定]Starting cobbler daemon: [確定]
以後就需要用123456這個密碼登錄了。
接下來的操作就是點點鼠標了。