Sixty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
March 2019
Catalog
Preface
1. Feudal Serfdom: Dark History
2. irresistible historical trend
3. Abolishing Feudal Serfdom
IV. People's Ownership
5. Liberation and Development of Productive Forces
6. Promoting various undertakings
7. Strengthen ecological construction
8. Protecting freedom of religious belief
9. Strengthening Equity and Unity among Nationalities
10. Development of Tibet in the New Period
conclusion
Preface
2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the Tibetan Democratic Reform Movement. In Chinese traditional culture, 60 years is always unforgettable, because it completes a cycle called "family", which is the unique concept of Chinese calendar.
Sixty years ago, Tibetan democratic reform brought new life to Tibet and the ethnic minorities living there.
These 60 years have completely changed Tibet. The democratic reform in Tibet is the greatest and deepest social change in Tibetan history. Tibet abolished serfdom and established a new social system to liberate the people, making them masters of the state and society, thus guaranteeing the people's rights in all matters.
Over the past 60 years, Tibet has become a beautiful home for the Tibetan people. Tibet's democratic reform and opening-up have opened up bright prospects. With the strong support of the central government and the people of the whole country, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet spare no effort to build the poor and backward old land into a beautiful new home with prosperous economy, developed society and good ecology. People live in an environment of happiness and contentment.
Over the past 60 years, the Tibetan people have united and forged ahead. After democratic reform, Tibet and the people of all ethnic groups in the country have worked together to develop equal, united, mutually beneficial and harmonious ethnic relations. In the struggle to safeguard national unity and oppose separatism, the Tibetan people closely followed the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the face of various difficulties, challenges and tests, and strengthened the social strength of the Chinese nation.
Over the past 60 years, great leaps have been made in social progress. Under the strong leadership of the Party, Tibet has changed from a feudal serf society to a socialist society, from poverty and backwardness to civilization and progress. With China's socialism entering a new era, the Tibetan people of all nationalities under the leadership of the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core are working with the people of the whole country to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
1. Feudal Serfdom: Dark History
For centuries, Tibet has been ruled by feudal serfdom and theocracy. It was not until the democratic reform of 1959 that millions of serfs were brutally exploited and oppressed.
- The serfs were deprived of all rights by the three landlords
The old Tibetan law divided the people into three classes and nine classes, legalized the unequal status of different groups, and allowed the landowners to deprive their serfs of all human rights. In government, it is controlled by three major property holders (government officials, nobles and upper lamas in monasteries). Officials at all levels come from upper lamas and noble families. The children of the main aristocratic families automatically acquire the fourth highest rank after birth and can hold important positions in the government at the age of 17 or 18. Children from middle-class and lower-class aristocratic families can also hold official positions in the government, and they have studied in official training schools for a period of time. Most monks are lamas from aristocratic families, while serfs, who constitute the majority of Tibetan society, struggle desperately at the bottom of society.
—— The life and death of serfs are in the hands of three landlords
The three landlords made every effort to safeguard the feudal serfdom and, within their influence, formulated cruel and barbaric laws and penalties imposed by judicial organs and courts. In addition to the prisons established by the government, there are also prisons and private prisons run by the monasteries and nobles, where torture tools are stored and private courts are held. They sentenced, whipped and tortured serfs, and chained them. A large number of documents written in Tibetan documents have proved the brutal punishment imposed on serfs, such as tongue cutting, nose cutting, hand and foot cutting, wearing stone caps, eye digging, tendon pulling, peeling, drowning and even feeding scorpions. The Snake Pavilion, located on the north side of Dazhao Temple in Lhasa, was once the judicial organ of old Tibet. As we all know, this is "living hell". Serfs are tortured and slaughtered arbitrarily. They provide terrible offerings such as human head, skin, meat, heart and intestines for the upper classes and senior monks of the Kashag regime. These offerings are considered "necessary". A hen chanting sutras.
Land, pasture and other modes of production monopolized by the three major real estate owners
According to statistics collected before the Democratic reform, 99.7% of the 220,000 hectares of arable land in Tibet are owned by the government (85,580 hectares), monasteries and senior monks (80,960 hectares), nobles (52,800 hectares), and the remaining 0.3% are owned by the government. In remote areas, cultivated land is owned by a small number of farmers. Most pastures are controlled by herdsmen. The songs among serfs at that time were:
Even if the snow mountain melts into butter,
It is the owner's property.
Even if the river turns into milk,
We haven't got a drop.
Serfs owned and enslaved by three landlords
The bondage of serfs to landowners was protected by powerful theocracy. The Kashag regime stipulated that all serfs must remain on the land in the manor. They were not allowed to leave the manor without permission; they were prohibited from fleeing the manor. Any serf who tries to escape may be whipped or cut off. Kashag and the Dalai Lama also issued decrees prohibiting the provision of shelter to escaping serfs.
The three main property holders have absolute land control, and they have the power to live, die and marry the serfs. Because serfs are their private property, they can trade and transfer serfs, give serfs as gifts, use serfs as gambling bets or debt collateral, or exchange serfs at will.
Three major real estate owners also imposed heavy burdens on serfs. For example, before the liberation of Tibet in 1951, the Dalonggang Manor owned by Gyaltsap Tajtra had 96 hectares of land and 81 healthy and semi-healthy serfs. They are allocated 21,266 working days a year, including 11826 days for their owners and 9440 days for the government. The average working day of each serf was 262.5 days, accounting for 72% of the total year's work.
- Serfs are exploited by exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes
In old Tibet, the three landlords owned almost all the means of production. They burdened serfs with inhumane taxes and taxes. The Kashak regime alone levied about 200 different taxes. Serfs had to borrow money to survive, and more than 90% of them were in debt. Serfs bear debts handed down by their ancestors, new debts, joint and several liability debts, and the debts shared by serfs. Debts handed down from the previous generation, even the next generation, cannot be repaid, accounting for one third of the total debt. A popular ballad describes the debt that binds serfs:
My grandfather's debt to his grandfather
My father couldn't pay it back.
My son's son
Even the interest is not enough.
According to statistics from 1959 to 60, 236,600 tons of grain and 700,000 tons of usury of Tibetan silver were cancelled during Tibet's democratic reform. In 1958, loans cancelled during the democratic reform exceeded the national grain output of 175,000 tons in Tibet.
Strict control of thought in the name of religion
The three main landlords exercised ideological control over the serfs. They accepted their fate and hoped to enter the "blissful world" after their death and obtain "happiness in the next life". In Chibetto Taizaiki, a Japanese monk named Tokan Tada who entered Tibet in 1913 wrote: "Tibetans are very pious. They believe in their crimes and that the Dalai Lama's heavy tax is a kind of redemption. If their sins are purified in this life, they also believe that there will be happiness in the future.
In the book Abolishing the Feudal Privileges and Exploitation of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries, Wang Sen and Wang Furen, the famous Tibetan biographer, wrote: "From 1958 to the spring of 1959, a small church in the western suburb of Lhasa asked 27 people for their heads, 6 skulls, and our leg bones, a complete human skin, a corpse, 14 bunches of intestines, 8. A piece of human flesh, nine bottles of human blood."
After presiding over the 14th Dalai Lama's ascension ceremony in 1940, Wu Zhongxin, director of the Mongolian Tibet Affairs Committee of the National Government, described the situation in the old Tibet in his "Investigation Report on Tibet Affairs": "People of all strata" and the ranks thought that they were destined to belong to a certain class or rank of previous generations, and they had become accustomed to it. Even the lowest people are satisfied with the status quo. "It is heresy for the three landlords to monopolize the spiritual and cultural life of the Tibetan people and attack any ideas or cultures that are contrary to their interests. Tibetan scholar Gedden Chopin exposed the corruption of monks, advocated the reform of Tibetan Buddhism, and was imprisoned and persecuted by the Kashgar government.
2. irresistible historical trend
Serfdom was the most cruel form of slavery in feudal society. In terms of economic development, political democracy and human rights protection, it is a barbaric and backward social system. By the 1950s, the existence of feudal serfdom had violated the trend of human history. Such a system is a stain of civilization, destined to be eradicated by history.
Throughout human history, slavery and serfdom existed in most parts of the world. With the rise of new ideas and new enlightenment in modern times, these two systems were abandoned. Abolition movements began to appear in many countries, sounding the death knell of slavery and serfdom. With the rise of bourgeois revolution in Europe and America, France, Britain, Russia and the United States abolished these two countries one after another. During the French Revolution in 1794, slavery ended in France. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 and the Abolition of Slavery Act in 1833. In 1861, Russia abolished serfdom through top-down peaceful reform. In 1865, thanks to the victory of the Civil War, the Federal Government of the United States abolished slavery and forced labour through constitutional amendments.
The end of the Second World War ushered in a new era of development. Peace, development, equity, justice, democracy and freedom became the goals of human society. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations clearly stated that "no one shall be enslaved or enslaved; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all forms." In 1956, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Abolition of Supplementary Conventions. Slavery, slave trade and slavery-like systems and practices. Article 1 of the Convention stipulates that "Each State Party to the Convention shall take all feasible and necessary legislative and other measures to gradually and as soon as possible abolish or abandon the following institutions and practices thoroughly... "
On October 1, 1949, the founding of the People's Republic of China opened a new era of Chinese history. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, a new socialist system has been established to make the people the masters of their own country. On May 23, 1951, the Central People's Government and the local government of Tibet signed the Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (hereinafter referred to as the "17-Article Agreement"), formally declaring the peaceful liberation of Tibet.
In 1954, Liu Shaoqi, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, said at the first meeting of the First National People's Congress: "Because of the unbalanced social development and the special situation in some places, minority areas that have not yet completed democratic construction can be completed by ORM in a moderate way in the future. Then Gradually move towards socialism."
In 1953, Xinjiang completely abolished all feudal serfdom. Since 1956, democratic reforms have been carried out in Gansu, Sichuan and Qinghai. In 1956, Yunnan Province abolished the slavery of Lisu, Jingpo, VA and Yongning Mosuo through peaceful negotiations; in 1955, it abolished the slavery of Xiaoliangshan Yi and the feudal slavery of Deqin Tibet. 8. From the beginning of 1956 to the end of 1957, the Yi nationality area in Liangshan, Sichuan Province, carried out a democratic reform to abolish slavery completely. The abolition of serfdom was a major trend of social progress in China in the 1950s, but at that time Tibet was still under the Theocracy of feudal serfdom, which seriously hindered social development and civilization.
—— For a long time, agricultural production in Tibet has been stagnating under the feudal theocratic serfdom.
Before the 1950s, Tibet's agriculture was still confined to extensive farming methods, even to primitive slash-and-burn farming. Wood is widely used, with an average yield of only four to five times that of sowing, not much different from that of hundreds of years ago. Most of the food, clothing and supplies are handmade by individuals or manors. Society has no vitality.
—— The feudal serfdom under theocracy caused sharp conflicts and antagonism between Serf owners and their labor.
By exploiting serfs, serf owners hoard social wealth for luxury and extravagance, and provide food for churches and secular officials and their servants. The serfs were brutally deprived of the fruits of hard work by the serf owners and led a miserable life. Because they can hardly survive, they have no choice but to fight or run away.
—— The feudal serfdom system seriously hindered the spread and development of modern science, technology and culture.
In order to consolidate Tibet's rule, the Tibetan government, controlled by the three major landlords, practices theocracy, advocates superstition and opposes science in every possible way, which seriously hinders the spread and application of modern science and technology. Although the ruling group sent young people from aristocratic families to study modern science and technology abroad, its main purpose was to satisfy the rulers themselves, not to learn and apply advanced science and technology.
With the efforts of the central government, the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951 ended the long-term chaos, conflict, blockade and stagnation in Tibet. It has experienced new economic and social development. According to the 17-Article agreement, the Chinese People's Liberation Army entered Tibet in October 1951 and established the Tibetan Military Region in 1952 to undertake the task of defending the frontier. In Lhasa and other places, the Central Committee has set up the Tibet Working Committee of the Communist Party of China and its branches to perform its duties.
Before the democratic reform in 1959, Tibet had different political powers of different nature: the Kashgar regime, the Panchen-Camp Congress, the Kamduo People's Liberation Commission and the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region. According to the 17-Article agreement, "the central government will not change Tibet's current political system... The central government will not impose any compulsion on matters related to Tibet's reform. Local governments in Tibet should take the initiative to carry out reforms. When the people put forward their requests for reforms, the central government should consult with the leaders to solve them.
The Central People's Government has adopted a cautious attitude and rather relaxed policy. While waiting patiently for the reform of the Tibetan ruling class, it actively persuades and strives for patriots from the upper classes.
At the same time, in the face of Tibet's long-term theocratic political influence, organizations and staff led by the Party at all levels have done meticulous work among the people, earnestly implemented the policy of not carrying out reform in Tibet within six years and won the victory. It has the support of ordinary people and upper patriots.
Even though they knew that the feudal serfdom under theocracy was coming to an end, the 14th Dalai Lama and the Tibetan upper reactionaries were reluctant to reform. Instead, they tried to maintain the system, fearing that the reform would deprive them of their political and religious privileges and huge economic interests.
It was through the feudal serfdom under theocracy that the three landlords acquired great wealth. Before the Democratic reform, the 14th Dalai Lama family had 27 manors, 30 ranches and more than 6,000 serfs, from which more than 462,000 kilograms of barley, 35,000 kilograms of butter, 2 million silver deposits, 300 cows and sheep, and 175 volumes of Pru were extracted annually. Cloth made in Tibet.
3. Abolishing Feudal Serfdom
According to the Seventeen Articles Agreement, in the early period of Tibet's peaceful liberation, the focus of the Communist Party of China was to win the support of the upper class and the ordinary people, rather than to mobilize them immediately for reform. In order to benefit the local people, the PLA and the Communist Party of Tibet carry out free medical treatment, eliminate infectious diseases, build water conservancy projects, highway bridges, carry out rescue and disaster relief, issue interest-free loans and issue certificates. Seeds and tools, movies, jobs, not charities.
During the construction of Sichuan-Tibet highway in 1950, the Tibetan people realized that they were neither serving the PLA nor being enslaved by serf owners, but working for themselves and their descendants. Zhu Mozong (Bayi District of Linzhi City) and Zlatong (Myanling County of Linzhi City) said, "PLA soldiers are gods. Those who speak ill of the PLA are wolves in sheep's clothing and Demons hiding among the Tibetan people."
In July 1954, disastrous floods caused by ice avalanches occurred in the upper reaches of the Nianchu River. The flood inundated 91 people in Jiangzizong and Pannanzong, destroyed 170 villages, affected more than 16,000 people, engulfed more than 4,000 hectares of land and inundated about 8,000 cattle and sheep. To this end, the central government allocated 800,000 silver dollars for disaster relief. Jiangzi Industry Committee of the Communist Party of China and the garrison of the local Liberation Army fight floods and relief. Despite the limited supply, they provided 730,000 kilograms of food, 560,000 kilograms of seeds, 15,000 silver dollars worth of farm tools, 28,000 meters of tent cloth, and more than 100,000 silver dollars worth of cash and clothing.
By contrast, in March 1956, Naqu Zong (now the Seine District of Naqu City) suffered a disastrous snowstorm. Instead of providing relief to victims, the Tibetan government urged them to pay rent without providing any relief. The head of Dashun Zong even prevented the Naqu Committee of the Communist Party of China from distributing barley and tea to the victims. Through these incidents, the Tibetan people have a better understanding of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and realize that only by abolishing the feudal serfdom can they start a new life.
This contrast awakened the Tibetan people. Some of the serfs stood up against oppression and exploitation; some of them gave up their control over the serf owners and fled. According to Passan, she used to be a slave and is now a senior official. When she was a teenager, she was forced to work hard for her master. She could not stand the beating of her master and ran away at the age of 15. In 1956, in Langzong and Palpazong, more than 100 farmers gathered to demand democratic reform. On July 25, 1956, about 65 farmers in Longzhu County of Lhasa submitted a letter to the 14th Dalai Lama, in which they said, "We are all farmers. We are more eager for democratic reform than anyone else.
By contrast, some of Tibet's upper classes have begun to support democratic reform. Since 1952, the Tibet Working Committee of the Communist Party of China has organized dozens of Tibetan delegations to visit other parts of China, including delegations to the Central Government, delegations to celebrate the anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, delegations to Tibet and delegations to Buddha. Doctrine. Delegates witnessed rapid development elsewhere. Some patriots at the top changed their minds and began to support Tibet's democratic reform ideas.
A farmer in Pang Village, Dorongde District, Lhasa City, recalled two incidents. In 1956, the central government invited Tibetan manor owners to visit other parts of China. After the visit, one of them, Chadrak Kerzag Sherab, decided to release serfs and distribute land to them. In 1956, a Tibetan women's delegation led by the aristocrat Konchu Palmer completed a trip outside Tibet. After returning home, they publicized the policies and benefits of democratic reform to the peasants in the suburbs of Lhasa, and persuaded many members of the Tibetan Patriotic Youth Association and the Tibetan Patriotic Women's Association to support the democratic reform in Tibet.
In September 1957, a leader in Jiangzi, Palogong Jogdrup, brutally tortured a serf named Wang Chen Pongerstog. On hearing the news, Agaphon Agavan Jigmi, then cabinet minister of the Tibetan government, was furious and said, "The Tibetan people must choose socialism and start democratic reform urgently. That's what they need. They want to promote political, economic and cultural development and pursue happiness. It is also an inevitable law of human development and an irresistible trend of progress.
In 1952, Zelin Paderon, daughter of the Yutong nobility, began to teach Tibetan to the Tibetan People's Liberation Army, regardless of the opposition of the local upper reactionaries. She said: "I firmly believe that one day the Tibetan people will get rid of the oppression and exploitation of feudal serfdom. One day, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, we will eventually establish our own regime.
The Tibetan people began to have a correct understanding of the reform, and some upper-class people began to view the reform from a more positive perspective. However, in order to safeguard their vested interests and perpetuate the feudal serfdom under theocracy, a group of Tibetans launched a rebellion in an attempt to prevent social progress.
In March 1959, the upper reactionaries of the Tibetan government tore up 17 agreements and launched a full-scale armed rebellion in Lhasa. This rebellion is against the will and historical trend of the Tibetan people. To this end, the central government decided to dissolve the Tibetan government, quell the rebellion and mobilize the Tibetan people for democratic reform.
The democratic reform in Tibet is the continuation of the new democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China and the inevitable result of the social progress from retrogression. Democratic reform has been gradually carried out in rural areas, pastoral areas, monasteries and cities.
In rural areas with a population of 800,000, the central government mobilized people to participate in anti-rebellion, anti-corruption and anti-slavery campaigns, and supported the reduction of land rent and loan interest. Subsequently, the central government allocated land to farmers and completely eradicated the feudal serfdom.
As a result, the serfs who had been exploited and enslaved for generations were finally free. They own more than 186666 hectares of land and other means of production. When their slave contracts and so-called debits were burning in the fire, they sang and danced to celebrate their liberation. In early 1960, about 200,000 farmers in Tibet obtained land certificates. Farmers benefited from policies such as harvesting farmland belonging to seeders, reducing land rent, reducing interest on loans and canceling old debts. They received more than 500 million kilograms of grain per capita, with an average of more than 750 kilograms.
Tsering Drolkar, a 68-year-old farmer from Khesum Shika, Neidong County, said: "We have been providing labor for Corv_e all our lives. We have never owned a piece of land, and what we worry about is how to find food for survival. Now that the people's government has given us the land, we won't go hungry any more." The free serfs cheered, "The Dalai Lama's sunshine touches only the nobility, while Chairman Mao's sunshine spreads on our poor people. The aristocratic sun is setting and our sun is rising.
In pastoral areas with a population of 280,000, the central government launched a campaign against rebellion, slavery and labour, adopting policies conducive to both the employment of herdsmen and herdsmen, but the latter were deprived of feudal privileges. The central government confiscated the cattle and sheep of the landlords and herdsmen who participated in the rebellion, and distributed the livestock to hired workers and other poor herdsmen. The central government did not discriminate against and punish herdsmen who did not participate in the rebellion, and allowed them to continue to own their own cattle and sheep.
These protective measures transformed the feudal slavery into employment. This encourages employees to protect and develop their herds, and herdsmen to manage and develop animal husbandry. Both man and cow can live in peace. Despite the massacre of cattle and sheep by rebels, animal husbandry in Tibet soon recovered and began to flourish. The herdsmen on the Daxiong grassland sang a song:
In the past, Daxiong grassland belonged to our herdsmen.
But then it was taken away by the Sierra Monastery.
Since then, we have been living in hell.
Now the people's government has promulgated new decrees.
We elected our own leaders.
The beautiful prairie has been returned to our herdsmen.
Within the monastery, the Communist Party of China took sound measures and launched a campaign against rebellion, feudal privileges and exploitation to deal with the problems of political persecution, class oppression and economic exploitation. These measures abolished the system of feudal privileges, exploitation and oppression.
The Communist Party of China promotes political unity and separation of religion from politics and punishes rebels and reactionaries under the guise of religious beliefs. We should adhere to the principle of freedom of religious belief, respect and protect citizens'civil rights, protect patriotic and law-abiding monasteries, and establish a monastery democratic management system. The Communist Party of China adopted a buyout policy on the means of production owned by monasteries that did not participate in the rebellion. During the democratic reform movement, a large number of monks and nuns voluntarily resumed their secular life. After the end of the campaign, 553 monasteries were reserved in Tibet, accommodating more than 7,000 monks and nuns, meeting the religious needs of the local religious masses.
In urban areas, the central government launched a campaign against rebellion, feudalism, exploitation and privilege, in favour of reducing land rent and interest on loans. The central government adopted a buyout policy on land and means of production owned by serf owners and their agents who did not participate in the rebellion. It protects industry and commerce, adopts different policies towards rebels and non-rebels in industry and businessmen, and protects the rights and interests of businessmen and businessmen. It organizes assistance to poor citizens and vagrants, restores the free exchange of Commerce and goods, guarantees urban supply and restores social and economic order. At the same time, the Communist Party of China has strengthened its united front work and strived to unite all possible forces. The serf owners and their agents, who are patriotic, anti-imperialist and accept democratic reforms, have all received appropriate employment opportunities.
IV. People's Ownership
Through democratic reform, the feudal serfdom under Tibetan theocracy was completely abolished, and fundamental changes took place in Tibetan social system. This is a historic leap. As a result of democratic reforms, about one million serfs were liberated. They gained personal freedom and became masters of the new society. The completion of the reform laid a solid foundation for the establishment of socialism in Tibet.
- One million serfs were liberated and freed.
After the abolition of feudal land ownership in the Democratic reform, serfs were no longer regarded as private property by serf directors, and the individual ownership of serfs by serf owners came to an end.
Tibet's democratic reform has destroyed the system restrictions of serf's right to subsistence, marriage, migration, residence, labor, personal freedom, personal dignity and education. Thanks to this reform, one million serfs gained real personal freedom. Anna Louise Strong, a famous American journalist and activist, mentioned in her book that when serfs stood up in Tibet, a serf interviewee said, "I always wanted to send my son to school, learn to read, do business like tailoring. It's impossible, but now my son has gone to study indoors. When he comes back, he will be a skilled worker in a factory. He will not be overwhelmed by anyone who puts pressure on my head. "
Through democratic reform, all feudal privileges of monasteries were abolished. Monks and nuns enjoy equal rights and have the right to dominate their own destiny. Many people at the lowest level of the hierarchy got rid of religious bondage and resumed their secular life. In Gandeng Monastery alone, more than 300 monks have asked to return to their homes or restore secular life in the surrounding areas of the monastery. The local government gave them travel fees and resettlement allowances to go home. It also found jobs for 13 young monks who asked to work at Lhasa Department Store and sent some children to school. For 312 monks who wanted to stay in the monastery, the local government made arrangements to ensure their daily lives. In the Democratic reform, the system of monasteries allocating quotas for monks and nuns to counties, manors and tribes was abolished. Monasteries forbid forcing people to become monks and nuns.
—— People's governments at all levels are established and the people exercise their rights.
On March 28, 1959, the State Council announced the dissolution of the Tibetan Government. The Qamdo People's Liberation Commission and the Panchen Kampus Congress were also abolished, thus ending the coexistence of political power of different nature. Under the leadership of the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, people's governments at all levels have been gradually established. In mid-July 1959, the first peasant association at the township level was established, known as the khesum village peasant association, and the first county peasant association, known as the Neidong County peasant association. Former serfs were elected as chairmen or members of the association to lead the people in democratic reform. By the end of 1960, Tibet had established 1009 state power organs at the township (city) level, 283 at the district level, 78 at the county level and 8 at the prefecture (city) level. The total number of Tibetan and other minority officials exceeds 10,000. More than 4,400 Liberated Serfs became community-level officials. In the second half of 1961, general elections were held in Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs were no longer regarded as "tools of speech" and appeared on the political stage as masters of the new Tibet.
Now it enjoys the broadest democratic rights conferred by the Constitution and laws that were not available in the pre-liberation society. Former serfs actively participated in elections and elected organs and governments at all levels. For the first time in Tibetan history, the people exercised their right to vote and stand for election, democratically electing local governments at all levels. By July 1965, the general election was almost over. Of the more than 2,600 deputies to the People's Congress, 2,200 were poor serfs. In Giant County, voters call their election certificates "Master Certificates". They regard the election as a happy event and take an active part in the election of deputies to the People's Congress.
On August 25, 1965, the State Council put forward a proposal for the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region, which was adopted at the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Third National People's Congress. From September 1 to 9, 1965, the first session of the First Tibetan People's Congress was held. At this session, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established and the People's Committee of the Autonomous Region was elected by-election. Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme was elected Chairman of the Committee. A large number of emancipated serfs held leading posts in various organs of political power in the region. The establishment of autonomous organs in Tibet Autonomous Region and Autonomous Region has made a historic leap from theocratic feudal serfdom to people's democratic socialism, marking the establishment of a people's democratic government in Tibet and the beginning of in-depth development of regional ethnic autonomy. In 1979, the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region was elected at the second meeting of the Third People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
According to the Constitution and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet fully enjoy the right to vote and stand for election. Since 1978, Tibet has held 11 elections for deputies to the people's congresses at the township level, 10 for deputies to the people's congresses at the county level and 8 for deputies to the people's congresses at the municipal level with districts. The Tibetan people may directly elect deputies to the people's congresses at the county (district) and township (town) levels in accordance with the provisions of the law, and deputies to the people's congresses at the autonomous region and ethnic level shall be elected by the elected deputies. The Tibetan people exercise their right to participate in state and local affairs through people's congresses at all levels.
At present, there are 35,963 deputies to the people's congresses at all levels in Tibet. Among them, the Tibetan minority and other minority representatives accounted for 92.18%. The People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee adhere to the organic unity of the Party's leadership, the people's ownership of the country and the rule of law, and safeguard and develop the rights of the people of all nationalities to be masters of the country. Legislation and institutional channels should ensure that people of all ethnic groups enjoy broad rights and freedoms and expand citizens'orderly political participation. Supporting deputies to the People's Congress to perform their duties according to law. They maintain close contact with representatives and the people, are accountable to the people and accept their supervision. To safeguard the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet and promote the all-round development of human beings.
Since the establishment of the autonomous region in 1965, the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have formulated or approved more than 300 local regulations, resolutions and decisions. The autonomy of ethnic autonomous areas has been realized. At present, all aspects of Tibet's work are legalized, and great progress has been made in the construction of the rule of law in Tibet. On January 19, 2009, the Second Session of the Ninth People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region voted to adopt the Decision of the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Establishment of a Memorial Day for the Liberation of Millions of Serfs in Tibet. According to the decision, March 28 was designated as the day of commemoration.
—— The right of people of all nationalities to participate in the deliberation and management of state affairs is fully guaranteed.
In order to fully guarantee the right of people from all walks of life to participate in the deliberation and management of state affairs, the Tibet Autonomous Region Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was established in December 1959. According to the Constitution of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the CPPCC of the Tibet Autonomous Region performs its duties of political consultation, democratic supervision and participation in political affairs and deliberations, and plays an important role in democratic reform and socialist construction. And Tibet's reform and opening up. Focusing on the formulation of the 13th Five-Year Plan, accelerating the construction of key projects, developing characteristic and advantageous industries and developing non-public economy, the 10th CPPCC National Committee of Tibet Autonomous Region alone put forward 2401 proposals. Of these, 2347 were considered. At the meetings of political associations at all levels in Tibet, people from all walks of life participated extensively and played a full role. For example, among the 518 members of the Tibet Autonomous Region Committee of the 11th CPPCC National Committee, the largest number of representatives of religious groups (Buddhist associations) is 80, and the second highest number of representatives of ethnic minorities is 64.
Grass-roots democracy continues to develop and improve. Following the Democratic reform, Tibet has established people's governments at all levels. In 1980, the country's direct election at the township (town) level began to expand to the county level in 1984. In 1987, the Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Decision on Strengthening the Construction of Grass-roots Political Power and the Decision on Strengthening the Construction of Grass-roots Party Organizations in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas. After years of experimentation, Tibet has gradually developed and formed a grass-roots democratic system in agricultural and pastoral areas. The system of villagers'representative meetings has been established in the countryside. In urban communities, community congresses and community committees have been established to provide a solid organizational guarantee for urban residents'autonomy. In enterprises and institutions, the staff congress system has been widely practiced. By the end of 2018, there were 5756 grass-roots trade unions with 497082 members.
Through democratic reform, the people of all walks of life in Tibet have gained the right to participate in the management of state affairs. In July 1959, there were 565 upper-class social workers in administrative organs of district and prefectural governments. Of these, 415 were nobles, former government officials or religious figures. The People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has successively elected former serf owners and former serfs as Vice-Chairmen. They are Kaybuk Punsog Zetten and Lagpa Punsog. They were all born at Kaiebuk Manor before liberation, and were colleagues of the people's government of the autonomous region in decision-making. Through democratic reform, women gained political rights. They actively participate in the election of people's congresses at all levels, serve as leading cadres at all levels, establish women's organizations and participate in political work. Pasan, former Vice-President of the All-China Women's Federation and Xie Dengdoma, former Vice-President of the All-China Women's Federation, are outstanding representatives of women involved in the management of public affairs. Former Vice Chairman of the CPPCC of Tibet Autonomous Region Kong Chu Palmer was born in an aristocratic family in Lhasa. "Under the feudal serfdom of the old society, even the Karon wives of the local government had no political rights, and only men had political rights," she said. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, men and women were equal. Women have rights. This is a huge change.
5. Liberation and Development of Productive Forces
Tibet's democratic reform abolished the individual feudal bondage of serfs to serf owners and made the people the masters of their own country. It replaces the land ownership of serf owners with the land ownership of peasants, makes serfs possess means of production, and significantly liberates and develops productive forces. Since China's reform and opening up in 1978, Tibet's productivity has developed rapidly, catching up with the national level, and the Tibetan people are sharing more and more achievements of modern civilization.
—— Improving productivity
The democratic reforms in Tibet enabled former serfs to own land, farm implements, livestock and other means of production. Their enthusiasm for creating wealth is growing. Agriculture and animal husbandry have developed remarkably.
From 1959 to 1960, in terms of comparable prices, Tibet's GDP grew by 45.8% and per capita GDP by 42.9%, all of which reached a record high. From winter 1959 to spring 1960, 1500 kilometers of new rivers were built, 300 reservoirs in agricultural areas were restored, and 24 666 hectares of new irrigation land were added. In 1960, 5,000 kilometers of new canals and 1,500 new reservoirs and ponds were built, further expanding the area of irrigation areas. From the winter of 1959 to the first half of 1960, 1.1 million tons of chemical fertilizer were collected in Tibet. By the spring of 1960, arable land had expanded to 182,000 hectares, an increase of 20,000 hectares over 1959.
The development of agriculture has greatly improved the lives of farmers and herdsmen. Take Khesum Township of Neidong County as an example. At the beginning of the Democratic reform, 90 of the 119 rural households in China were short of food. By 1964, all the rural population had enough food, livestock and feed, and 95% of the rural population had surplus food. By the end of 1961, the total stock of livestock in Tibet had reached 12.06 million, surpassing the record set before the 1959 rebellion.
The central government provides farm implements for Land-expropriated Farmers in Tibet. For example, about 367,000 pieces of metal farm tools are given to farmers and herdsmen free of charge. In the following years, the central government issued hundreds of thousands of farm implements and established small farm implements factories in Lhasa, Kamdo, Shigaze, Jiangzi, Zengcang, Linzhi and other cities.
After the Democratic reform, the central government adopted a policy of stable development in accordance with the actual situation in Tibet. In 1961, the Tibetan Working Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated specific rural policies and current pastoral policy provisions, which received sincere support from the government and the public. By 1965, the total grain output in Tibet had reached 290,000 tons, an increase of 66.1% over 1958, and the total stock of livestock had exceeded 17.01 million heads, an increase of 54.1% over 1958.
From 1958 to 1965, Tibet made significant progress in social undertakings such as transportation, education, culture and health. By 1965:
The total length of Tibetan highway is 14721 kilometers, which is 2.6 times higher than that in 1958, connecting 90% of the county.
There are eight new asphalt roads in downtown Lhasa.
More than 95% of Lhasa residents can use electric lighting.
There are:
1 822 primary schools, 66 781 students,
There are 1359 students in four middle schools.
A secondary vocational school, and
A college.
There are 133 professional art troupes and cinemas in Tibet.
The number of medical institutions increased to 193, more than three times that of 1958.
The number of hospital beds rose to 1631, 3.4 times that of 1958.
There were 2947 medical staff, 3.7 times as many as in 1958.
In 1966, Linzhi Wool Textile Mill was built and put into operation. It is the first modern wool textile mill in Tibetan history. In 1965, the Sino-Nepalese Highway connecting Tibet and Nepal was opened to traffic. In 1973, Yunnan-Tibet Highway opened to traffic.
—— Fundamental changes have taken place in the economic structure.
After 60 years of hard struggle, Tibet's agriculture and animal husbandry is no longer subject to nature and environment, and is steadily realizing modernization. The added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and related services increased from 128 million yuan in 1959 to 13.41 billion yuan in 2018. Grain output increased from 189,900 tons in 1959 to more than 1 million tons in 2018, and grain output per unit area increased from 1370 kg/ha in 1959 to 5688 kg/ha in 2018. Professional industries related to agriculture and animal husbandry are growing in scale and productivity. Agriculture and animal husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has become a brand. A large number of characteristic industrial bases such as high quality grain and oil production, pollution-free vegetables, large-scale standardized dairy farming, Tibetan Pig breeding, Tibetan chicken breeding and cashmere goat breeding have been established.
Modern industry has developed steadily from scratch. After more than 60 years of development, Tibet has established more than 20 modern industrial systems in energy, building materials, machinery, mining, light industry, food processing, ethnic handicraft, Tibetan medicine and other industries. Tibet has abandoned its traditional industrial model and is approaching the level of modern production. Tibet's industrial added value increased from 15 million yuan in 1959 to 11.45 billion yuan in 2018.
The total economic output has increased substantially. In 2018, Tibet achieved a GDP of 147.76 billion yuan, 192 times that of 197 million yuan in 1959, calculated at comparable prices. Tibet's economic structure is improving. The proportion of added value of primary industry in GDP decreased from 73.6% in 1959 to 8.8% in 2018, the proportion of secondary industry in GDP rose to 42.5%, and the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP rose to 48.7%.
The tertiary industry has developed vigorously and tourism has developed rapidly. In 2018, Tibet received 33.6873 million tourists, with a total tourism income of 49.01 billion yuan. More than 100,000 farmers and herdsmen have increased their income through tourism, and Tibet has become an international tourist destination. Trade logistics, banking, insurance, e-commerce, logistics and other new industries have developed rapidly and become new sources of growth.
- Improving infrastructure
Before the liberation of Tibet in 1951, there were no suitable roads before the beginning of road construction in the modern sense. Despite economic difficulties, China has built low-grade highways such as the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and the Sichuan-Tibet Highway to connect Tibet with other areas. After the Democratic reform, new trunk roads such as the Xinzang Highway, the Yunnan-Tibet Highway and the China-Nepal Highway were built. Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Sichuan-Tibet Highway are all asphalt pavement, which have built a high-grade highway connecting the center of Lhasa and Gongga Airport. At present, Tibet has formed a comprehensive transportation network of highways, railways and airlines. By the end of 2018, there were 978,800 kilometers of highways in Tibet, including 660 kilometers of high-grade highways. Among the 697 townships (towns) in Tibet, 579 townships (towns) and 696 townships (towns) are connected by highways. Of the 5467 villages in Tibet, 2624 are directly accessible by road, and 5457 are accessible by road. In 2006, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was opened from Golmud to Lhasa, which is the first railway in Tibet. In 2014, the Lhasa-Shigaze Railway was completed and the Lhasa-Linzhi Railway began to lay tracks.
Construction of air stations and airports is under way. In 1956, the first airport in Tibet was built. There are 5 airports and 92 domestic and foreign routes in Tibet. The main hub is Lhasa Gongkar Airport, with branches of Camdoba Motor Airport, Linzhimeling Airport, Ngarigongsa Airport and Rigazeping Airport.
Before liberation in 1951, there was only one 125 kW hydropower station in Tibet, which only supplied electricity to a few nobles. In 1960, the Acheng Hydropower Station was built and put into operation, bringing power lighting to Lhasa citizens for the first time. Subsequently, many hydropower stations were built, including Yamdrog hydropower station, Wiga hydropower station, Tralong hydropower station, Jinhe hydropower station, Drigung hydropower station, Shiquanhe hydropower station, Shoka hydropower station, Tiger mouth hydropower station and Dzam Hydr. O power station, Tobe hydropower station, Godok hydropower station and Joba hydropower station. Yangbajing geothermal power station has also been built, and a series of large-scale photovoltaic grid-connected power plants. A comprehensive energy network with hydropower as the main body and oil, natural gas and renewable energy as supplements has been established. The power supply in Tibet has been connected to the power grids in Qinghai and Sichuan provinces. The urban heating system in Tibet has been greatly improved. In the winter of 2014, Lhasa city realized natural gas heating and met the daily needs of Lhasa residents. By the end of 2018, Tibet's power grid has expanded to 62 counties (districts) to supply electricity to 2.72 million people; other areas of Tibet have achieved full power supply through small hydropower stations, local photovoltaic networks and home photovoltaic systems.
6. Promoting various undertakings
Tibet's democratic reform has made a historic leap from feudal serfdom to socialism. The establishment of socialism is conducive to liberating and developing social productive forces, promoting economic development from one level to another, and promoting significant social progress.
—— Significant improvement in living standards
Over the past 60 years, the living standards of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have continuously improved, and the coefficient of happiness has increased significantly. Before the Democratic reform, the serfs had little food and clothing; after the beginning of the Democratic reform, their living conditions began to improve. In 2018, the per capita disposal income of urban residents was 33,797 yuan, and that of rural residents was 11,450 yuan. Efforts will be made to complete housing construction projects for low-income farmers and herdsmen, renovation and reinforcement of dangerous houses, improvement of living conditions in rural areas, resettlement of poor people in areas with poor natural conditions, construction of affordable housing and construction of social security housing. E Shantytown renovation to ensure that all urban and rural residents in Tibet have safe and comfortable homes. Energy supply infrastructure has been improved. Central heating networks in 9 counties, such as Lhasa, Naqu, Ngari and Nyingchi, have been built and put into operation, making heating systems available to more and more people in winter. All towns are connected to optical cables and broadband networks. The broadband access rate of administrative village reaches 85%, and the coverage rate of mobile phone signals reaches 100%.
Modern durable goods are becoming more and more popular. Refrigerators, televisions, washing machines, computers, mobile phones and cars have become commonplace. As a modern means of communication, local radio, television, telecommunications and the Internet are developing at the same speed as China and other parts of the world and are becoming an important part of daily life. Urbanization is also developing. By 2018, the urbanization rate of the permanent population will reach 31%. With Lhasa as the center, counties as the fulcrum, counties, borders and towns as the network, a Lhasa-centered urban system has been formed.
Before the Democratic reform, Tibet's population growth stagnated for a long time due to the comprehensive effects of backward economy, high infant mortality rate, poor medical conditions and high proportion of monks and nuns. In the past 60 years, the population has increased from 1.23 million in 1959 to 3.44 million in 2018, and the Tibetan population accounts for more than 90% of the total population. The life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years before 1959 to 68.2 years now. Lhasa has the highest happiness index in the past five years, according to the CCTV China Economic Life Survey program jointly launched by the National Bureau of Statistics and CCTV.
—— Cultural undertakings are flourishing
Serfs in old Tibet had little cultural life. Over the past 60 years, the Central Committee and the Tibetan Autonomous Region Government have fully supported the protection and promotion of Tibetan excellent traditional culture, the development of advanced socialist culture and the progress and prosperity of Tibetan culture. It will bring more abundant cultural life to the Tibetan people. Lhasa and other cities have built cultural centers and cinemas. There are song and dance troupes, Tibetan opera troupes and theatre troupes in the autonomous region, 75 prefecture-level folk art troupes, county-level art troupes and 2400 township-level amateur art troupes. They perform in rural and pastoral areas, bringing the best socialist culture to remote villages. Cultural products are flourishing. Excellent new works include "Laundry Song", "New Lhasa's Duet", "The Musical Daughter of the Sun", "The Common Home of Drama", "The Love of Reconciliation in Opera", "The Road to Paradise" and so on. Some performing arts, such as "Princess Wencheng" outdoor live stage play, musical "Happiness on the Road" and "Searching for Shambara", have not only produced social benefits, but also generated profits, and have become well-known business cards of Tibetan tourism.
By the end of 2018, the coverage of Tibetan radio and television networks had reached 97.1% and 98.2% respectively. At present, almost all cities (states) have public libraries. There are comprehensive cultural centers in the county, cultural service centers in the town, and cultural centers, libraries and projection rooms in the administrative village. The annual output value of Tibetan cultural industry is 4.6 billion yuan. There are 234 cultural industry demonstration centers (gardens) in the whole country, regions, cities (prefectures) and counties.
Tibetan language is protected by law and develops smoothly. It is widely used in political life. Resolutions and regulations adopted by the people's congresses at all levels in Tibet and all official documents and announcements issued by the people's governments at all levels and their departments are published in Tibetan and Chinese. In the judicial process, Tibetan is applicable to hearing cases involving Tibetan litigants and issuing legal documents. Information technology has been applied to Tibetan language. The computer coding system uses Tibetan characters and has reached national and international standards.
While protecting and developing the Tibetan language, the State, in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Standard Chinese Language and Character, promotes standard Chinese throughout the country, including Tibet, which stipulates that "all citizens have the right to learn and use Putonghua and to regulate Chinese characters."
Through a series of laws, regulations and official documents, such as the Regulations on the Protection of Cultural Relics in Tibet Autonomous Region, the Regulations on the Protection of Ancient Lhasa Cities, and the Measures for the Protection of Ancient Lhasa Cities, excellent traditional ethnic cultures have been promoted and promoted. The Tibet Autonomous Region shall implement the Law of the People's Republic of China on intangible cultural heritage, the Measures for the Protection and Management of the Potala Palace in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Plan for the Revitalization of Traditional Crafts in the Tibet Autonomous Region. It provides a legal basis for the protection of Tibetan national culture.
Significant progress has been made in the protection of cultural relics. The state and the Tibet Autonomous Region have invested more than 5 billion yuan in transforming 55 national and 616 regional protected areas. Taking the old city of Lhasa as an example, the Lhasa Municipal Government fully considered the protection and inheritance of national culture, highlighted and displayed the excellent elements of Tibetan culture, and listened to Socrates'suggestions when transforming the Barkhault Street, which has a history of more than 1300 years. Provide advice and suggestions to local residents, monks and craftsmen, and organize citizens'representatives to visit streets and express their opinions. All these efforts contribute to the preservation of the culture of the ancient city of Lhasa. The Potala Palace has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Tibetan opera, Gesar and Lum's medicinal bath are listed in the UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list. There are 89 national intangible heritage lists and 96 national trustees. There are 460 regional intangible heritage lists and 350 regional trustees. Four sites, such as the Potala Palace, have been listed as state key cultural relics protection units, and 291 ancient books have been listed as state-level rare ancient books.
As Tibet becomes more open, its culture is moving towards the world. Tibetan Culture Week and China Tibetan Tourism Culture Expo are becoming a platform to show Tibetan traditional culture to the world. Tibet has also dispatched various art troupes to more than 100 countries and regions for performances, exhibitions and academic exchanges.
—— Steady Promotion of Education
In old Tibet, education was largely preserved by privileged aristocrats. The serfs, who accounted for 95% of the population, had no right to education, resulting in a youth illiteracy rate of more than 95%. After the Democratic reform, Changdu Primary School, Lhasa Primary School, Lhasa Middle School and Tibetan University for Nationalities expanded rapidly. Primary and secondary schools have been set up in all regions and counties. Primary schools have been established in most towns and villages.
In 1961, Lhasa Normal School officially opened. Since then, Tibet University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Tibet Traditional Medical College and Tibet Vocational and Technical College have been established one after another. Tibet has established a modern comprehensive education system including preschool education, basic education, vocational and technical education, higher education, continuing education and special education. The Tibetan people enjoy the right to education under comprehensive protection.
After the Democratic reform, the Constitution, the Law of Regional National Autonomy, the Law of Standardization of Chinese Language and Characters and the local laws and regulations put forward specific requirements for the teaching, use and development of national languages, and established a relatively perfect bilingual teaching system. At present, bilingual teaching has been introduced into some urban primary schools and primary schools in rural and pastoral areas. The main course is Tibetan. Secondary school curriculum is divided into Tibetan and standard Chinese.
By 2017, there will be 1239 kindergartens, 806 primary schools, 132 middle schools and 7 colleges and universities in Tibet. Graduates from these schools increased from 18,000 in 1959 to more than 530,000 today. The establishment of Tibetan classes in other parts of the country has made remarkable achievements. Such classes (schools) are being held in 21 provinces and municipalities. More than 36,000 Tibetan students in these classes have received academic qualifications from technical schools above intermediate level and returned to Tibet to work. In 1985, the state began to implement a three-package policy for the children of farmers and herdsmen and the children of poor urban families, that is, to provide accommodation and tuition. The standard has been raised 18 times. Policy coverage has been expanded and efficiency has been improved. Since 2012, Tibet has implemented a 15-year compulsory education policy in an all-round way. In 2018, the net enrollment rate in primary schools was 99.5%, while the gross enrollment rate in junior high school, senior high school and higher education was 99.5%, 82.3% and 39.2%, respectively. The average length of education per capita was 9.55 years.
—— Continuous Development of Medical Services
Over the past 60 years, the medical and health undertakings in Tibet have developed steadily, synchronized with the development of the whole country, and guaranteed the health rights of the Tibetan people. The system of medical treatment, maternal and child health care, Tibetan medicine, disease prevention and control has been constantly improved. By the end of the 1970s, regional epidemics with major health hazards had been brought under control, and the incidence and mortality of infectious and endemic diseases had declined dramatically. We will firmly promote the construction of medical and health infrastructure. Hospitals at all levels, including 71 County hospitals, have been renovated and expanded. Establishment of regional, municipal (prefectural), county and town three-level medical service system. In rural and pastoral areas, farmers and herdsmen enjoy special preferential policies in medical services. This is a comprehensive policy, which mainly relies on government input, supplemented by individual payments, social co-ordination of severe diseases and medical assistance. The central government attaches great importance to medical services in Tibet, and appoints medical personnel from well-known hospitals throughout the country to seek medical treatment in Tibet. Work in the People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region and hospitals in seven cities (prefectures) will help speed up the development of medical and health undertakings in Tibet.
Tibetan medicine and Tibetan medicine are being effectively protected and handed down from generation to generation. Tibetan medical hospitals have been established in various cities (prefectures) and counties, and treatment standards have been constantly standardized and improved. Since the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine has organized experts to collate and compile 150 volumes of medical literature from 29 ethnic groups. Tibet is responsible for compiling 20 Tibetan Medical Theories. It also examines 10 practical medical technologies. In 2018, Sowa Rigpa's rum medicine bath was listed on the UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list. By the end of 2018, there were 50 Tibetan medical hospitals in Tibet, providing 2412 beds.
With Lhasa as the center, the medical and health service system featuring traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine and Tibetan medicine has been established. There are 1 547 medical institutions, 16 787 beds and 19 935 medical staff in Tibet, which are 24, 35 and 23 times higher than before the Democratic reform. The maternal mortality rate decreased from 50/000 in the early liberation period to 1.02/000 in 2017, and the infant mortality rate decreased from 430/000 to 10.38/000.
—— Social security payments have increased substantially
In old Tibet, and even in Lhasa, its capital, homeless beggars surged. After liberation, the Tibetan Working Committee began to distribute relief food to the poor. After the Democratic reform, the social security system was established. The social security system known as the "five major insurance" (old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance, medical insurance, maternity insurance) has been established, covering urban and rural residents, benefiting 3.71 million people. In 2017, there were 375331 beneficiaries of endowment insurance, 532326 beneficiaries of basic medical insurance, 842 beneficiaries of industrial injury insurance, 14342 beneficiaries of maternity insurance and 30577 beneficiaries of unemployment insurance in Tibet.
Policies on insurance clauses are improving. Employees'pension insurance benefits, urban workers' medical insurance and urban residents'medical insurance rank in the forefront of the country. The basic living security level of the poor has been improved. In 2017, 74 counties (districts) in China were entitled to basic pensions over the age of 60, with 283,647 eligible recipients. The maximum payment limit of medical insurance for urban workers is 300,000 yuan, and the maximum payment limit of medical insurance for residents is 200,000 yuan. As of January 1, 2019, the Tibetan government has raised the minimum living standard for urban residents to 9,600 yuan, the annual minimum living standard for rural residents to 4,450 yuan, and the minimum living standard for families (elderly, infirm, old widows and orphans) to "five G" (food, clothing, medical treatment, housing and funeral). Funeral expenses) 4940 yuan per person per year.
7. Strengthen ecological construction
Tibet is located in the center of the "third pole" of the earth. It plays a strategic role in maintaining the global ecological balance by protecting the plateau ecosystem. Over the years, the central and local governments have always put the protection of the plateau ecological environment as the top priority, and promoted a series of plans and programs.
—— Strengthening ecological protection
In the economically underdeveloped old Tibet, people could only adapt to the natural environment - they used natural resources. With the development of social economy, especially the aggravation of global warming, the protection of Tibet's ecological environment has become a top priority. In response to this situation, the central and regional governments have taken some measures to solve this problem. In 1975, the government of Tibet Autonomous Region set up a leading group on environmental protection, and in 1983, a regional environmental protection department was set up. Subsequently, with the improvement of organization, management, laws and regulations, Tibet embarked on a healthy development path conducive to the construction of ecological environment. Local governments have promulgated a series of local laws and regulations, including the Regulations on Environmental Protection of Tibet Autonomous Region, the Regulations on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution of Tibet Autonomous Region and the Measures for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution of Tibet Autonomous Region. Supervision and management of ecological environment protection; promulgation of the implementation measures of national laws and regulations such as the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves, the Water Law of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China. Guiding opinions include the Law of the People's Republic of China on Soil and Water Conservation, the Grassland Law of the People's Republic of China, the Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet, and the Opinions on Building a National Ecological Barrier and Accelerating Ecological Construction.
It provides legal basis for the development of natural wetland protection areas, the protection of wildlife, the protection and management of water and soil resources, the prevention and control of desertification, the conversion of farmland to forests and grasslands, and the protection of grassland ecology. In 2017, the local government issued the Decision on Promoting Afforestation and Greening, proposing that the average number of trees planted per person should be 5, with each household and village participating in tree planting.
—— Expanding Nature Reserves and Ecological Protected Areas
Since the establishment of the Everest Nature Reserve in 1988, 47 nature reserves have been established in Tibet, including 11 national nature reserves. The total area of nature reserves is 412,200 square kilometers, accounting for 34.35% of the total area of the autonomous region. There are 22 ecological protection zones, including one national protection zone, 36 central financial key ecological function transfer payment counties, 4 National Scenic spots, 9 National Forest parks, 22 national wetland parks and 3 National Geological parks. The central government continues to increase ecological compensation for Tibet in exchange for the cost of protecting the ecological environment and the consequent loss of development opportunities. Since 2001, the central government has paid 31.6 billion yuan in ecological compensation to the autonomous region for the protection of forests, grasslands, wetlands and key ecological reserves.
- Restoring biodiversity
Significant progress has been made in Tibet's ecological security barrier project and greening projects in the Yarlung Zangbo, Nu, Lhasa, Nianzhu, Yarlu and Shiquan River basins. At present, the forest area of the autonomous region is 16.02 million hectares (including woodland, shrub and other types of woodland). The forest coverage rate is 12.14%, the forest volume is 2.28 billion cubic meters, and the comprehensive coverage rate of natural grassland vegetation reaches 45.9 hectares. The natural grassland area is 88.93 million hectares and the wetland area is 6.53 million hectares. Tibet has 141 species of wildlife under national and regional protection, 38 species of wildlife under national protection, 196 species of endemic animals, 855 species of plants and 22 species of birds. Key ecosystems are effectively protected. The number of Tibetan antelopes increased from 60,000 in the 1990s to more than 200,000. Tibetan wild donkeys increased from 50,000 to 80,000, black-necked cranes from 3,000 to 8,000, and wild yaks from 7,000 to 10,000.
—— Improving the living environment of residents
Tibet has launched a series of environmental protection projects, such as comprehensive river basin management, improvement of living environment of urban and rural residents, prevention and control of industrial and mining pollution, and comprehensive management. The connection project of Hehu Reservoir in Naqu City and the pilot water ecological project have effectively protected the blue water and blue sky in Tibet. Relevant government officials are designated to be responsible for the management of each river and lake. The autonomous region has established leading ecological protection zones in the headwaters of rivers, and initiated environmental control and ecological restoration projects in key lake basins such as Namco Lake and Ganzhuoke Lake. With the support of the state, Tibet has made joint efforts to build more livable towns and accelerate the construction of infrastructure for domestic waste treatment and sewage treatment. By the end of 2018, there were 106 solid waste landfills in the city, with daily disposal capacity of more than 2240 tons, 89 domestic waste transfer facilities and 470 tons. There are 16 municipal wastewater treatment plants with daily treatment capacity of 374,000 tons and 903 kilometers of pipeline network. Clean treatment rates of municipal solid waste and wastewater above county level exceed 90% and 60% respectively. Improve the overall rural environment, promote urban and rural community greening, solve the problems of low waste classification efficiency, noise pollution, sewage discharge, straw incineration and so on.
Since 2010, the autonomous region has invested more than 6 billion yuan, improving the living environment and overall environment of 6223 villages, and achieved positive results. At present, the main rivers and lakes in Tibet are in a natural state, 95.7% of the key waters meet the national water quality standards, 97.5% of the daily average air quality is rated as "excellent" or "good", and the air quality in the Qomolangma area is rated as "excellent" or "good". NG maintains "excellent" or "good" air quality of first class.
8. Protecting freedom of religious belief
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that: "No organ, social organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in or not believe in religion, or discriminate against citizens who do not believe in or believe in religion. In Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism, Benzenism, Islam and Catholicism coexist with many other religions. There are different sects in Tibetan Buddhism, such as Ningma, Kayu, Sakya and Gelu. After the Democratic reform, Tibet ended theocracy, separated politics from religion, and restored the true meaning of theocracy. Freedom of religious belief of all ethnic groups is protected by the Constitution and law, and all religions and religious denominations are equally respected and protected. This is equivalent to true religious harmony.
- Hold religious activities regularly.
At present, there are 1,787 Tibetan Buddhist venues in Tibet, with more than 46,000 monks and nuns and 358 living Buddhas. There are four mosques and more than 12,000 local Muslims, a Catholic church and 700 believers. Tibetans and other ethnic minorities carry out religious activities in accordance with local traditions. Tibetan Buddhist monasteries regularly hold traditional religious activities such as studying scriptures, debating, degree promotion, monk nuns, Abhisheka (empowerment ceremony), chanting sutras, and practicing. The ritual activities are held on important religious festivals in accordance with local customs. In 2015, the Tibet Autonomous Region celebrated the 20th anniversary of the ascension of the 11th Panchen Lama, Chiji Gaopo, and the empowerment ceremony of Karacha Kara. Ordinary believers usually have a scripture room or a Buddhist niche in their home. They often have religious activities such as bypassing, worshipping Buddhas, inviting monks or nuns to hold religious ceremonies at home. The collation and publication of Tibetan Buddhist classics and the supply of Kangyur Tibetan copies meet the learning needs of Buddhist monks and nuns and diaspora believers.
—— The reincarnation of the living Buddha is progressing smoothly.
Living Buddha reincarnation is a unique inheritance system of Tibetan Buddhism, which is respected by the government at all levels of the state and autonomous region. In 2007, the state promulgated the Measures for the Management of the reincarnation of Living Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism, which further institutionalized the reincarnation process of Living Buddha. In 1992, the State Religious Affairs Bureau approved the succession of the 17th living Fokamaba. The reincarnation of the 10th Panchen Lama was explored and identified through traditional religious rituals and historical customs such as drawing lots in golden bottles. With the approval of the State Council, the 11th Panchen Lama was awarded the title and became the throne in 1995. In 2000, according to traditional religious ceremonies and historical customs, the seventh Regent King Ruiding Rinpoche ascended the throne; in 2010, the sixth living Buddha Dzubu was nominated and ascended the throne through the Jinta drawing of lots and with the approval of the Tibet Autonomous Region Government. Economic Zone. By 2018, 91 living Buddhas were identified through traditional religious rituals and historical customs.
—— Strengthen the training and training of religious personnel.
The system for Tibetan Buddhist monks to learn Buddhist sutras has been improved. The government of Tibet Autonomous Region has issued Opinions on the Construction of Branches of Tibetan Buddhist College and Measures for Academic Grading Evaluation of Tibetan Buddhist College (for trial implementation). China Tibetan Advanced Buddhist College was established in Beijing and Tibetan Buddhist College in Lhasa. At the same time, senior Buddhist teaching staff are recruited and trained. In November 2011, the Tibetan Buddhist College was completed and put into operation, with an investment of more than 100 million yuan. Since 2005, the Chinese Institute of Tibetan Advanced Buddhism in Beijing has held ceremonial examinations for senior titles and degrees, and the Grut Degree Examination has been held in the three major monasteries of Dazhao Temple and Lhasa. Up to 2018, 117 monks in Lhasa had obtained senior titles, and 68 monks in Beijing had obtained senior titles.
—— The rights of monasteries and monks are guaranteed.
Temples are maintained and protected. Since the 1980s, more than 1.4 billion yuan has been spent on the restoration of cultural relics and the renovation of key monasteries in Tibet. Small and medium-sized monasteries of non-state key cultural relics protection units receive financial support from local governments every year. The printing halls run by the monasteries have been preserved and developed. There are 60 such printing halls in the Potala Palace and other monasteries, which produce 63,000 scriptures annually. Religious sites have been significantly improved and upgraded.
All monks and nuns registered in autonomous regions are included in the social security network. Medical insurance, old-age insurance, subsistence allowance and personal accident injury insurance are all covered. Monks and nuns are entitled to free annual health checkups, and their health records are filed and kept in hospitals. Maintenance of monasteries and nuns'dormitories is included in government-subsidized housing schemes.
- Religious affairs are governed by law.
The state and the Tibet Autonomous Region shall administer religious affairs in accordance with laws and regulations. Protect freedom of religious belief, normal religious activities and the legitimate rights and interests of religious organizations according to law. Since the reform and opening up in 1978, the Tibet Autonomous Region Government has issued a series of policy measures and normative documents to strengthen the management of laws and regulations on religious affairs. These include the Regulations on Democratic Management of Buddhist Monasteries in Tibet Autonomous Region (for trial implementation), the Regulations on Implementation of Religious Affairs in Tibet Autonomous Region (for trial implementation), and the Measures for the Administration of Major Religious Affairs in Tibet Autonomous Region (for trial implementation). Activities and "Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Management Measures for the Incarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet Autonomous Region". In 2017, the State promulgated the revised Regulations on Religious Affairs. The local government has also issued the Normative Document on Strengthening the Education, Cultivation and Management of Living Buddha and Tibetan Buddhist Representatives, the Management of Religious Activities and the Examination and Approval of Religious Renovation. The venue of the activities and the management of the branches of the Tibetan Buddhist College. All these indicate that the top-level design of Tibetan religious affairs and the provisions on religious activities have been greatly improved.
9. Strengthening Equity and Unity among Nationalities
The Chinese people of all ethnic groups are united in diversity. In the long historical process, the Tibetan people of all ethnic groups have worked together to develop the plateau and create Tibetan history, which is an important part of the history of the Chinese nation. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Government have taken a pragmatic attitude towards ethnic issues, formulating and implementing ethnic policies in accordance with the principles of equality and unity among ethnic groups, regional autonomy of ethnic groups and common prosperity of all ethnic groups. Group.
Over the past 60 years, Tibet has comprehensively implemented the CPC's national policy, strengthened the sense of national unity and community awareness of the Chinese nation, strengthened ethnic exchanges and integration, and constructed a new type of equal socialist ethnic relations. Unity, mutual assistance and harmony. In order to safeguard national unity and oppose secession, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet united around the Party Central Committee, withstood various tests and withstood various risks.
For more than 60 years, the central government and all ethnic groups have been committed to the coordinated development of Tibet and the state. From 1959 to 1965, the national economy was in difficulty, and the central financial subsidy continued to increase, amounting to 590 million yuan. From 1963 to 1964, the state allocated 1.4 million yuan to help farmers and herdsmen to buy cattle and sheep for more than 3,000 families. The central government has also allocated special funds for some major projects. From 1959 to 1964, the central government is expected to issue 8.47 million yuan of interest-free low-interest loans for agriculture and animal husbandry. The loan was used to purchase more than 20 million kilograms of seeds and grain, 180,000 cattle, 130,000 sheep, 3,500 other livestock, 100,000 farm implements and 95 tons of tool steel.
During the important historical period of socialist construction, reform and development in Tibet, the central government mobilized and organized as many resources as possible from the whole country to help Tibet achieve common prosperity. In the 1960s, in order to meet the needs of the Tibetan people, labor and daily necessities such as grain in Xinjiang, tea in Fujian, fine breeds of livestock in Sichuan and blankets in Shanghai were provided.
There is a close relationship among all ethnic groups, especially in the event of disasters. In 1966, when the earthquake occurred in Xingtai City, Hebei Province, about 60 Tibetan herdsmen walked for 26 days, traveling more than 5500 kilometers, bringing 240 horses to Xingtai to assist in disaster relief. Thirty years later, a team of 28 people from Xingtai drove 60 domestic tractors to Lhasa in return for the common people. In 1985, 1990 and 1997, when the snowstorm hit Naqu, the people of the whole country reached out and transported food, quilts and coats to Tibet. In 2008, Wenchuan, Sichuan, was hit by an unprecedented earthquake. People of all ethnic groups in Tibet donated money to the disaster area. The list of mutual aid stories continues.
Since the reform and opening up, the central government has been increasing its assistance to Tibet. In 1980, 1984, 1994, 2001, 2010 and 2015, a National Symposium on Tibetan work was held to improve the preferential policy towards Tibet. After the first symposium, a series of policies were implemented to improve the economy, alleviate poverty and improve life. After the second symposium, the policy of family management and market regulation was introduced. The long-term government policy of Tibet allows private livestock on the basis of families to be raised, managed and managed independently in pastoral areas; farmland on the basis of families is allowed in agricultural areas, and farmers can independently decide the use and operation of land. After the third symposium, the central government promulgated a series of preferential policies on taxation, investment and financing, financial services, price subsidies, foreign trade, social security, agriculture, rural areas and enterprise reform. In 2005, Tibet implemented another long-term policy of grassland public ownership, namely, household contract system and self-management.
Since the turn of the new century, the central government has strengthened its support for Tibet's preferential policies in accordance with changes in the overall development of the state and local governments. In 2006, the General Office of the State Council issued the Notice of Preferential Policies on Accelerating the Development and Stability of Tibet, which contains 40 preferential policies. In 2016, the Opinions on Major Policies and Projects to Support the Social and Economic Development of Tibet became more comprehensive. It is estimated that from 1980 to 2018, the total financial assistance from the central budget was 1.24 trillion yuan, accounting for 91% of Tibet's financial expenditure.
Aid from other provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and large and medium-sized enterprises began in the 1960s. Since the reform and opening up, aid from developed provinces and cities has increased. In 1994, the Third National Symposium on Tibet Work established the principle of "uniting the whole country to support Tibet", clarified the aid model of division of labor and regular rotation among provinces, and provided greater impetus for Tibet's development. So far, 18,000 officials and professionals from supporting provinces have participated in the assistance activities. Since 2015, the assistance of education and medical personnel throughout the country has made great contributions to the social development of Tibet. More than 10,000 projects have been supported with a total investment of more than 40 billion yuan.
With the deepening of reform and opening up, the Tibetan people have increasingly close economic and cultural ties with the people of other parts of China, with more frequent social contacts and closer emotional ties. More high-quality talents from all over the country come to Tibet with advanced ideas and technologies. Their contributions are warmly welcomed and appreciated by the local people. More Tibetans are also doing business in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gaosu, Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Intermarriage has become a common phenomenon because of the easy mobility among ethnic minorities. In today's Tibet, families of different ethnic backgrounds can be seen everywhere. There is a courtyard near Barker Street in Lhasa City. There are more than 20 Han, Tibetan and Hui families living here. They live in harmony, like a big family.
10. Development of Tibet in the New Period
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in 2012, the Party Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has attached great importance to Tibet and its ethnic groups. In order to meet the requirements of building a well-off society in an all-round way, realizing the goal of "two hundred" struggle and realizing the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the CPC Central Committee has formulated a major policy for the development and stability of Tibet.
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, put forward an important strategic idea: "To be a good country, we must first govern the frontier, and to be a good frontier, we must first guarantee the stability of Tibet." He proposed to strengthen national unity. "Building a Beautiful Tibet", he chaired the Sixth National Symposium on Tibet Work in August 2015, which defined the guidelines, objectives and tasks of Tibet work in the new era. The Symposium decided that the central government would support a large number of key construction projects listed in the 12th Five-Year Plan and the 13th Five-Year Plan (2010, 2011-2020), as well as a series of special preferential policies benefiting the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. IBET was promulgated. The General Secretary of the Chairman wrote a series of letters to celebrate the second comprehensive scientific investigation on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai and the celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of the Tibetan University for Nationalities, and to reply to letters from the people of Yumai Township, Luz County. He compiled the tree planting instructions and directed the study of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway construction plan. He gave many important instructions to the development and stability of Tibet.
The general plan for Tibet's governance in the new period, with Xi Jinping as the core, determined by the Central Committee of the Party, not only conforms to the principles and policies of Tibet since the Democratic reform, but also meets the needs of Tibet's development in the new period. This has promoted Tibet's development and long-term stability.
In order to develop Tibet in the new era, the Central Committee adheres to the people-oriented development concept and to the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, open and inclusive. Efforts should be made to promote economic and social development, safeguard and improve people's well-being, promote ethnic exchanges and integration, and strengthen environmental protection. These efforts will inject vitality and vitality into Tibet.
—— Commit to Innovation and Development and Enhance Economic Vitality
The Tibetan government takes innovation as its main driving force and vigorously implements the strategy of innovation-driven development.
It is committed to promoting institutional innovation. Driven by supply-side structural reform, we are promoting the reform of key areas such as state-owned enterprises, non-public economy, factor market, fiscal and taxation system, financial system, old-age insurance system, medical and health system, and tapping potential. Development.
Promote development by scientific and technological innovation and strengthen government guidance. To this end, we should establish a market-oriented scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, government, enterprises, universities and scientific research institutes as the coordination and cooperation, and build a platform for scientific and technological innovation. Strengthen the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements and enhance the contribution of science and technology to economic development.
By 2018, Tibet has built 74 entrepreneurship and innovation entities, including manufacturing, technology business incubators, University Students'innovation and entrepreneurship bases, and small and micro enterprises bases, attracting 1338 entrepreneurship teas. MS and start-ups. A number of scientific and technological innovation enterprises have been growing steadily. In 2018, there were more than 50 high-tech enterprises in Tibet, an increase of 53% over 2017. There are 75 small and medium-sized technological innovative enterprises, an increase of 142% over the same period of last year.
Tibet has nurtured a series of industries with local characteristics, such as barley, yak, Tibetan medicine, which are both profitable and provide strong support for other industries in the region. This rapidly rising "local characteristic" economy has become one of the most dynamic and promising highlights of Tibet's economy.
Lhasa, Xigaze, Naqu and Linzhi are four national agricultural science and technology parks and Linzhi National Sustainable Development Test Zone, which have significant radiation effects. Twelve national innovation-driven agricultural centers have played an active role in the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements and the growth of people's income in agricultural and pastoral areas.
—— Committed to coordination and sustainable development
In view of the current economic and social climate, the Tibetan government has been trying to deal with the following relations while properly dealing with economic and social problems, imbalances and inadequacies in development:
Between state investment and social investment;
Between major projects and projects to improve people's well-being;
Between utilizing strengths and strengthening weaknesses;
Between urban employment and employment facilitation, such as providing close employment opportunities and improving people's employability;
Transfer the poor to urban areas and to areas with excessive production resources and relatively sound infrastructure;
Between protecting the ecology and benefiting the people;
Between the development of urban areas and the improvement of basic public services in agricultural and pastoral areas;
Between streamlining administration, decentralization and localization;
Improve the output and efficiency of enterprises, improve the welfare of employees and the income of farmers and herdsmen.
Tibet has formulated a plan for rural rejuvenation and nurtured new impetus for rural development. In 2018, there were 8364 farmers'professional cooperatives with a total output value of 4.2 billion yuan. Rural infrastructure has been improved. Establishment of agricultural disaster prevention and relief, quality and safety inspection of agricultural products, animal epidemic prevention and other systems. Improve rural living environment and waste water treatment. 98% of Tibet's administrative villages have optical fiber networks.
Tibet promotes coordinated regional development. We should speed up the development of backward areas, encourage all walks of life to give full play to their advantages, fully develop industries with local characteristics, and enhance the economic strength of the whole region. As a result, there is competition between different regions, and the engine of economic growth is also increasing.
Tibet has actively developed two important transportation routes, Lhasa and Shigaze, to open up central and border cities to South Asia. The process of economic integration between Lhasa and Shannan is advancing, and a "three-hour" economic transportation circle has been formed in central Tibet. New progress has been made in the construction of transportation and energy infrastructure in eastern Tibet, and ecological protection in Northwest China has been strengthened. Four seasons tourism and regional tourism in southeastern Tibet have developed rapidly. The urbanization rate of the permanent population is 31%.
—— Committed to Green Development and Beautiful Tibet
The Tibetan government firmly believes that green mountains and rivers are precious treasures and that ecological protection is also a means of protecting productive forces. Considering these ideas, it puts green development and ecological protection in the first place.
It stipulates the primary responsibility for ecological protection, strictly abides by the principle of ecological security, and prohibits high-pollution, high-emission and high-energy projects from entering Tibet. Strictly enforce the system that a leading cadre has the right to examine and approve mineral resources exploration and development projects, and at the same time exercise the veto power of one vote to resolutely stop any projects that are harmful to the environment.
Tibet implements an incentive or subsidy mechanism for ecological protection. 700,000 people were allocated to ecological protection posts to enable farmers and herdsmen to find jobs and live a good life through ecological protection. Several key ecological projects have been implemented. Tibet has comprehensively promoted land greening and established a comprehensive regional ecological protection network.
Tibet is striving to develop green industry and promote clean energy. In 2018, the added value of green industries such as natural drinking water reached 5.3 billion yuan, an increase of 14.3% over 2017. Another advantage of green development is that tourism revenue in Tibet has increased by 30% and the number of tourists has increased by 31.5% in 2018.
Tibet continues to protect its ecological barriers and build new ones. Greening of the Yarlung Zangbo, Nu, Lhasa, Nianzhu and Shiquan River basins, tributaries of the Yarlung Zangbo, has been steadily promoted. Mechanisms for assessing, rewarding or punishing activities with ecological impacts have been improved. Thanks to these efforts, nature reserves now account for one third of the area. Living tree growth, per capita forest area, per capita forest stock, per capita natural forest stock and per unit area forest stock rank first in China. The source areas, grasslands, lakes, wetlands, natural forests, aquatic ecology, geological relics and biodiversity are effectively protected to ensure the blue sky, green mountains and clear water in Tibet.
According to the monitoring and evaluation by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant government departments, the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is generally stable, and the quality of air, water, soil and general ecological environment is good. Noise and radiation levels are positive. Most of Tibet is still in a primitive state. Tibet is still one of the best ecological areas in the world.
—— Committed to Open Development, Mutual Benefit and Win-win
After the "one belt and one way" initiative, the Tibet government is building an inclusive, open and cooperative policy structure and speeding up the opening up.
Tibet regards the "one belt and one way" initiative as an important channel for opening to South Asia, and actively participates in the construction of the Bangladesh India Burma economic corridor and promotes the construction of the economic cooperation zone across Himalaya. In order to strengthen infrastructure links with Nepal, railways and highways are being built in Tibet; in 2014, China Tibet Airlines and Citroen Airlines of Nepal set up a joint venture, Himalaya Airlines, to create air corridors. Meanwhile, Tibet is expanding trade stations such as Kuala Lumpur and Myanmar at a faster pace and reopening Zam.
Tibet strives to develop an open economy. The 16th China-Tibet-Nepal Economic and Trade Fair was successfully held in 2018. Jiangtie Cross-border Economic Cooperation Zone and Lhasa Comprehensive Free Trade Zone are under construction. The output value of economic and industrial parks at all levels exceeds 25 billion yuan. In 2018, the import and export of the whole region reached 4.8 billion yuan, and the trade volume of residents in border areas increased by 18 times over the previous year.
Tibet has increased its efforts to attract foreign investment. In 2018, there were 1450 foreign investment projects and 63.08 billion yuan of imported funds, an increase of 38.8% over the previous year.
Tibet implements the strategy of "inviting in and out" and carries out extensive foreign exchanges and cooperation. Advanced exchanges and cooperation have been carried out in tourism, culture, agriculture and animal husbandry. Four China Tibet Tourism and Culture Expositions have been successfully held, making it a high-end Tibetan brand with national and international influence, as well as a driving force for regional development. Tibet has hosted the Tibet development forum two times in Lhasa, the first "one belt and one road" cross Himalaya Cooperation Forum and the China South Asia Standardization Forum. Through active exchanges with world-renowned experts and scholars on advanced development concepts, Tibet is seeking new ways and modes of development in the new era.
—— Committed to Common Development and Promoting People's Happiness
The Tibetan government strives to enhance the sense of participation and interest of the people of all ethnic groups and ensure that the achievements of development are shared by all the people.
Tibet is steadily building a well-off society while continuously improving the level of social security. It is establishing a social security framework to ensure that all people have the right to care for preschool children, education, remunerated employment, health care and old-age care, housing and help vulnerable groups.
Since 2013, more than 273,000 new jobs have been created in cities. In 2018, the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns was 2.83%, and the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents increased by 10.2% and 10.8%, respectively. Establish a social security system covering urban and rural residents. Establish orphanages at the municipal (prefectural) level and nursing homes at the district, municipal (prefectural) and county (district) levels. Tibet has become one of the first places in China where orphans and orphans who meet the "five-package" conditions are taken care of centrally. Since 2013, about 710,000 people have been lifted out of poverty. The proportion of the poor dropped from 35.2% in 2012 to less than 6% in 2018.
Urbanization is steadily advancing. Shigaze, Shannan, Linzhi, Changdu and Naqu were transferred from county to city. Since 2013, 314,600 government subsidized housing units have been built.
Partnership assistance to Tibet in other parts of China is increasing. From 2013 to 2017, 1 736 aid projects were launched, with a total fund of 14.35 billion yuan.
According to a special survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics, more than 97% of Tibetans are satisfied with their situation and 97.3% are confident of achieving moderate prosperity.