Python 函數類語法糖

<div class="entry">


<div class="copyright-area">原文出處： <a target="_blank" href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000006261012">zzir</a>   </div><h2>Python 語法糖</h2>
<h3>\，換行連接</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">s = ''
s += 'a' +
'b' +
'c'
n = 1 + 2 +
3
# 6</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-7">7</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-1"><span class="crayon-v">s</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-2"><span class="crayon-v">s</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'a'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-3"><span class="crayon-h">     </span><span class="crayon-s">'b'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-4"><span class="crayon-h">     </span><span class="crayon-s">'c'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-5"><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-6"><span class="crayon-cn">3</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412e0484925162-7"><span class="crayon-c"># 6</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>while，for 循環外的 else</h3>
<p>如果 while 循環正常結束（沒有break退出）就會執行else。</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">num = [1,2,3,4]
mark = 0
while mark < len(num):
n = num[mark]
if n % 2 == 0:
print(n)
# break
mark += 1
else: print("done")</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-9">9</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-1"><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-2"><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-3"><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o"><</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-4"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-5"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-6"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-7"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-c"># break</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-8"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">mark</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ea876347454-9"><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"done"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>zip() 並行迭代</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = [1,2,3]
b = ['one','two','three']
list(zip(a,b))
# [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three')]</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-2"><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'one'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'two'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'three'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-3"><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">zip</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ee488444559-4"><span class="crayon-c"># [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three')]</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>列表推導式</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">x = [num for num in range(6)]
# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [num for num in range(6) if num % 2 == 0]
# [0, 2, 4]

# 多層嵌套
rows = range(1,4)
cols = range(1,3)
for i in rows:
for j in cols:
print(i,j)
# 同
rows = range(1,4)
cols = range(1,3)
x = [(i,j) for i in rows for j in cols]</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-15">15</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-1"><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">6</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-2"><span class="crayon-c"># [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-3"><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">num </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">6</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-4"><span class="crayon-c"># [0, 2, 4]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-5"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-6"><span class="crayon-c"># 多層嵌套</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-7"><span class="crayon-v">rows</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-8"><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-9"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">rows</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-10"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">j</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-11"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">j</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-12"><span class="crayon-c"># 同</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-13"><span class="crayon-v">rows</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-14"><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f2485326385-15"><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">j</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">rows </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">j</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">cols</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>字典推導式</h3>
<p>{ key_exp : value_exp fro expression in iterable }</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">#查詢每個字母出現的次數。
strs = 'Hello World'
s = { k : strs.count(k) for k in set(strs) }</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-1"><span class="crayon-c">#查詢每個字母出現的次數。</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-2"><span class="crayon-v">strs</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Hello World'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f6771186435-3"><span class="crayon-v">s</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">{</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">k</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">strs</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">count</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">k</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">k</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">set</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">strs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">}</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>集合推導式</h3>
<p>{expression for expression in iterable }</p>
<h3>元組沒有推導式</h3>
<p>本以爲元組推導式是列表推導式改成括號，後來發現那個生成器推導式。</p>
<h3>生成器推導式</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">>>> num = ( x for x in range(5) )
>>> num
...:<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7f50926758e0></textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-1"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-2"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">num</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412f9305732638-3"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-o"><</span><span class="crayon-e">generator </span><span class="crayon-k ">object</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o"><</span><span class="crayon-v">genexpr</span><span class="crayon-o">></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">at</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0x7f50926758e0</span><span class="crayon-o">></span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h2>函數</h2>
<h3>函數關鍵字參數，默認參數值</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def do(a=0,b,c)
return (a,b,c)

do(a=1,b=3,c=2)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-3"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412fc797683059-4"><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>函數默認參數值在函數定義時已經計算出來，而不是在程序運行時。<br>
列表字典等可變數據類型不可以作爲默認參數值。</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def buygy(arg, result=[]):
result.append(arg)
print(result)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">buygy</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea086412ff601635501-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>changed：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def nobuygy(arg, result=None):
if result == None:
result = []
result.append(arg)
print(result)
# or
def nobuygy2(arg):
result = []
result.append(arg)
print(result)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-10">10</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">nobuygy</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-t">None</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-3"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-4"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-5"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-6"><span class="crayon-c"># or</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-7"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">nobuygy2</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-8"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-9"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">arg</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641302537027234-10"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>*args 收集位置參數</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def do(*args):
print(args)
do(1,2,3)
(1,2,3,'d')</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-3"><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641306453361549-4"><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'d'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>**kwargs 收集關鍵字參數</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def do(**kwargs):
print(kwargs)
do(a=1,b=2,c='la')
# {'c': 'la', 'a': 1, 'b': 2}</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-2"><span class="crayon-h">  </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-3"><span class="crayon-e">do</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-s">'la'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641309758167891-4"><span class="crayon-c"># {'c': 'la', 'a': 1, 'b': 2}</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>lamba 匿名函數</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = lambda x: x*x
a(4)
# 16</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-i">x</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-2"><span class="crayon-e">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130c816942839-3"><span class="crayon-c"># 16</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>生成器</h3>
<p>生成器是用來創建Python序列的一個對象。可以用它迭代序列而不需要在內存中創建和存儲整個序列。<br>
通常，生成器是爲迭代器產生數據的。</p>
<p>生成器函數函數和普通函數類似，返回值使用 yield 而不是 return 。</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def my_range(first=0,last=10,step=1):
number = first
while number < last:
yield number
number += step

>>> my_range()
... <generator object my_range at 0x7f02ea0a2bf8></textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-8">8</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">my_range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">first</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">step</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">first</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-3"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o"><</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-4"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">yield</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">number</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-5"><span class="crayon-e">        </span><span class="crayon-v">number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">step</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-6"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-7"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">my_range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864130f220382228-8"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o"><</span><span class="crayon-e">generator </span><span class="crayon-k ">object</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">my_range </span><span class="crayon-i">at</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0x7f02ea0a2bf8</span><span class="crayon-o">></span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>裝飾器</h3>
<p>有時需要在不改變源代碼的情況下修改已經存在的函數。<br>
裝飾器實質上是一個函數，它把函數作爲參數輸入到另一個函數。<br>
舉個栗子：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;"># 一個裝飾器
def document_it(func):
def new_function(*args, **kwargs):
print("Runing function: ", func.__name__)
print("Positional arguments: ", args)
print("Keyword arguments: ", kwargs)
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("Result: " ,result)
return result
return new_function

# 人工賦值
def add_ints(a, b):
return a + b

cooler_add_ints = document_it(add_ints) #人工對裝飾器賦值
cooler_add_ints(3,5)

# 函數器前加裝飾器名字
@document_it
def add_ints(a, b):
return a + b</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-15">15</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-16">16</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-17">17</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-18">18</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-19">19</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-20">20</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-21">21</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-22">22</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-1"><span class="crayon-c"># 一個裝飾器</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">document_it</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">func</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">new_function</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-4"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Runing function: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">func</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-5"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Positional arguments: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-6"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Keyword arguments: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-7"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">func</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">args</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-8"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Result: "</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-9"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">result</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-10"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">new_function</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-11"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-12"><span class="crayon-c"># 人工賦值</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-13"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-14"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">b</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-15"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-16"><span class="crayon-v">cooler_add_ints</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">document_it</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c">#人工對裝飾器賦值</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-17"><span class="crayon-e">cooler_add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-18"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-19"><span class="crayon-c"># 函數器前加裝飾器名字</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-20"><span class="crayon-sy">@</span><span class="crayon-e">document_it</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-21"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">add_ints</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641312681952367-22"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>可以使用多個裝飾器，多個裝飾由內向外向外順序執行。</p>
<h3>命名空間和作用域</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = 1234
def test():
print("a = ",a) # True
####
a = 1234
def test():
a = a -1 #False
print("a = ",a)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-8">8</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1234</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">test</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"a = "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c"># True</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-4"><span class="crayon-c">####</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-5"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1234</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-6"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">test</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-7"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c">#False</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641315686923609-8"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"a = "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>可以使用全局變量 <code>global a</code> 。</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">a = 1234
def test():
global a
a = a -1 #True
print("a = ",a)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-5">5</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1234</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">test</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-m">global</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">a</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-4"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c">#True</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641319737961959-5"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"a = "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>Python 提供了兩個獲取命名空間內容的函數<br>
<code>local()</code><br>
<code>global()</code></p>
<h3>_ 和 __</h3>
<p>Python 保留用法。<br>
舉個栗子：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">def amazing():
'''This is the amazing.
Hello
world'''
print("The function named: ", amazing.__name__)
print("The function docstring is: n", amazing.__doc__)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-6">6</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">amazing</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-s">'''This is the amazing.</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-3"><span class="crayon-s">    Hello</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-4"><span class="crayon-s">    world'''</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-5"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"The function named: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">amazing</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131c974516292-6"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"The function docstring is: n"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">amazing</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__doc__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h2>異常處理，try…except</h2>
<p>只有錯誤發生時才執行的代碼。<br>
舉個栗子：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">>>> l = [1,2,3]
>>> index = 5
>>> l[index]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
IndexError: list index out of range</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-6">6</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-1"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-2"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-3"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-4"><span class="crayon-k ">Traceback</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">most </span><span class="crayon-e">recent </span><span class="crayon-e">call </span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-5"><span class="crayon-h">  </span><span class="crayon-k ">File</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">""</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">line</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864131f600215380-6"><span class="crayon-k ">IndexError</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">index </span><span class="crayon-e">out </span><span class="crayon-e">of </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>再試下：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">>>> l = [1,2,3]
>>> index = 5
>>> try:
... l[index]
... except:
... print("Error: need a position between 0 and", len(l)-1, ", But got", index)
...
Error: need a position between 0 and 2 , But got 5</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-8">8</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-1"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-2"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-3"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">try</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-4"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h">     </span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-5"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">except</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-6"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h">     </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Error: need a position between 0 and"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">", But got"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">index</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-7"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641322804884807-8"><span class="crayon-v">Error</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">need</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">position </span><span class="crayon-i">between</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">and</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">But </span><span class="crayon-i">got</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>沒有自定異常類型使用任何錯誤。</p>
<h3>獲取異常對象，except exceptiontype as name</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">short_list = [1,2,3]
while 1:
value = input("Position [q to quit]? ")
if value == 'q':
break
try:
position = int(value)
print(short_list[position])
except IndexError as err:
print("Bad index: ", position)
except Exception as other:
print("Something else broke: ", other)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-12">12</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-1"><span class="crayon-v">short_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-2"><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">value</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">input</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Position [q to quit]? "</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-4"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">value</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'q'</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-5"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">break</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-6"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">try</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-7"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">position</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">int</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">value</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-8"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">short_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">position</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-9"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">except</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">IndexError</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">err</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-10"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Bad index: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">position</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-11"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">except</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">Exception</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641325137293925-12"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Something else broke: "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>自定義異常</h3>
<p>異常是一個類。類 <code>Exception</code> 的子類。</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class UppercaseException(Exception):
pass

words = ['a','b','c','AA']
for i in words:
if i.isupper():
raise UppercaseException(i)
# error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 3, in
__main__.UppercaseException: AA</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-11">11</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">UppercaseException</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">Exception</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">pass</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-3"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-4"><span class="crayon-v">words</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'a'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'b'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'c'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'AA'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-5"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">words</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-6"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">isupper</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-7"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">raise</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">UppercaseException</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-8"><span class="crayon-c"># error</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-9"><span class="crayon-k ">Traceback</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">most </span><span class="crayon-e">recent </span><span class="crayon-e">call </span><span class="crayon-v">last</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-10"><span class="crayon-h">  </span><span class="crayon-k ">File</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">""</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">line</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641329946551863-11"><span class="crayon-k ">__main__</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">UppercaseException</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">AA</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h2>命令行參數</h2>
<h3>命令行參數</h3>
<p>python文件：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">import sys
print(sys.argv)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-2">2</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-1"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132c992280131-2"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">argv</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h2>PPrint()友好輸出</h2>
<p>與print()用法相同，輸出結果像是列表字典時會不同。</p>
<h2>類</h2>
<h3>子類super()調用父類方法</h3>
<p>舉個栗子：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class Person():
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

class email(Person):
def __init__(self, name, email):
super().__init__(name)
self.email = email

a = email('me', '[email protected]')
>>> a.name
... 'me'
>>> a.email
... '[email protected]'</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-14">14</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-3"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-4"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-5"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-6"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-7"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">super</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-8"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-9"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-10"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'me'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'[email protected]'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-11"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-i">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-12"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'me'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-13"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">email</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864132f526511657-14"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'[email protected]'</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>self.__name 保護私有特性</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class Person():
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name
a = Person('me')
>>> a.name
... AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute '__name'

# 小技巧
a._Person__name</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-9">9</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-3"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-4"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Person</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'me'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-5"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-i">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-6"><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">AttributeError</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Person'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">object</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">has </span><span class="crayon-e">no </span><span class="crayon-i">attribute</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'__name'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-7"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-8"><span class="crayon-c"># 小技巧</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641332840022525-9"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">_Person__name</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>實例方法( instance method )</h3>
<p>實例方法，以self作爲第一個參數，當它被調用時，Python會把調用該方法的的對象作爲self參數傳入。</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class A():
count = 2
def __init__(self): # 這就是一個實例方法
A.count += 1</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-4">4</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c"># 這就是一個實例方法</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641335202129100-4"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>類方法 <span style="color: #008000">@classmethod</span></h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class A():
count = 2
def __init__(self):
A.count += 1
@classmethod
def hello(h):
print("hello",h.count)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-7">7</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-4"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-5"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-sy">@</span><span class="crayon-k ">classmethod</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-6"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">hello</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">h</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641339489196272-7"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"hello"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">h</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">count</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>注意，使用<code>h.count</code>(類特徵)，而不是<code>self.count</code>(對象特徵)。</p>
<h3>靜態方法 <span style="color: #008000">@staticmethod</span></h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class A():
@staticmethod
def hello():
print("hello, staticmethod")
>>> A.hello()</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-5">5</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-sy">@</span><span class="crayon-k ">staticmethod</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-3"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">hello</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-4"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"hello, staticmethod"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133c917091233-5"><span class="crayon-o">>>></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">A</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">hello</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>創建即用，優雅不失風格。</p>
<h3>特殊方法(sqecial method)</h3>
<p>一個普通方法：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class word():
def __init__(self, text):
self.text = text
def equals(self, word2): #注意
return self.text.lower() == word2.text.lower()
a1 = word('aa')
a2 = word('AA')
a3 = word('33')
a1.equals(a2)
# True</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-10">10</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-3"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">text</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-4"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">equals</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c">#注意</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-5"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-6"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'aa'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-7"><span class="crayon-v">a2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'AA'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-8"><span class="crayon-v">a3</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'33'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-9"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">equals</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864133f402284093-10"><span class="crayon-c"># True</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>使用特殊方法：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">class word():
def __init__(self, text):
self.text = text
def __eq__(self, word2): #注意，使用__eq__
return self.text.lower() == word2.text.lower()
a1 = word('aa')
a2 = word('AA')
a3 = word('33')
a1 == a2
# True</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-10">10</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-1"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-2"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-3"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">text</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-4"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__eq__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-c">#注意，使用__eq__</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-5"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">word2</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">text</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">lower</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-6"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'aa'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-7"><span class="crayon-v">a2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'AA'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-8"><span class="crayon-v">a3</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">word</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'33'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-9"><span class="crayon-v">a1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a2</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641342136198504-10"><span class="crayon-c"># True</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p>其他還有：</p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">*方法名* *使用*
__eq__(self, other) self == other
__ne__(self, other) self != other
__lt__(self, other) self other
__le__(self, other) self = other

__add__(self, other) self + other
__sub__(self, other) self - other
__mul__(self, other) self * other
__floordiv__(self, other) self // other
__truediv__(self, other) self / other
__mod__(self, other) self % other
__pow__(self, other) self ** other

__str__(self) str(self)
__repr__(self) repr(self)
__len__(self) len(self)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-15">15</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-16">16</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-17">17</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-1"><span class="crayon-o">*</span>方法名<span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h">                        </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span>使用<span class="crayon-o">*</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-2"><span class="crayon-e">__eq__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">            </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-3"><span class="crayon-e">__ne__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">            </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">!=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-4"><span class="crayon-e">__lt__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">            </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h">  </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-5"><span class="crayon-e">__le__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">            </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-6"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-7"><span class="crayon-e">__add__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-8"><span class="crayon-e">__sub__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-9"><span class="crayon-e">__mul__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-10"><span class="crayon-e">__floordiv__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-11"><span class="crayon-e">__truediv__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-12"><span class="crayon-e">__mod__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-13"><span class="crayon-e">__pow__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">other</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-14"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-15"><span class="crayon-e">__str__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">                </span><span class="crayon-k ">str</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-16"><span class="crayon-e">__repr__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">                </span><span class="crayon-k ">repr</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641345084022803-17"><span class="crayon-e">__len__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h">                </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h2>文本字符串</h2>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">'%-10d | %-10f | %10s | %10x' % ( 1, 1.2, 'ccc', 0xf )
#
'1 | 1.200000 | ccc | 33'</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-3">3</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-1"><span class="crayon-s">'%-10d | %-10f | %10s | %10x'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1.2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'ccc'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0xf</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-2"><span class="crayon-c">#</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea08641349420855952-3"><span class="crayon-s">'1          | 1.200000   |        ccc |         33'</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>
<h3>{} 和 .format</h3>
<p></p>

<div id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641" class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-monaco crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; height: auto;">

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" show" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><span class="crayon-title"></span>
<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 13px !important;height: 19.5px !important; line-height: 19.5px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button crayon-pressed" title="切換是否顯示行編號"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="純文本顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="切換自動換行"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="點擊展開代碼" style="display: none;"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="複製代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="在新窗口中顯示代碼"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>
<div class="crayon-info" style="min-height: 18.2px !important; line-height: 18.2px !important;"></div>
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap"><textarea wrap="soft" class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="" style="tab-size: 4; font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; z-index: 0; opacity: 0;">'{} {} {}'.format(11,22,33)
# 11 22 33
'{2:2d} {0:-10d} {1:10d}'.format(11,22,33)
# :後面是格式標識符
# 33 11 22

'{a} {b} {c}'.format(a=11,b=22,c=33)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="">
<tbody><tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-7">7</div></div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 13px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-1"><span class="crayon-s">'{} {} {}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">11</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">22</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-2"><span class="crayon-c"># 11 22 33</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-3"><span class="crayon-s">'{2:2d} {0:-10d} {1:10d}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">11</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">22</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-4"><span class="crayon-c"># :後面是格式標識符</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-5"><span class="crayon-c"># 33 11 22</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-6"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-59bea0864134c055711641-7"><span class="crayon-s">'{a} {b} {c}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">11</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">22</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

<p></p>




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