ubuntu常用命令之tar
1.使用tar用來解壓，壓縮和顯示壓縮文件的內容，下面附上tar的help文件：
Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
GNU `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.
Examples:
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
Main operation mode:
-A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive
-c, --create create a new archive
-d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system
--delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
-r, --append append files to the end of an archive
-t, --list list the contents of an archive
--test-label test the archive volume label and exit
-u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive
-x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive
Operation modifiers:
--check-device check device numbers when creating incremental
archives (default)
-g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup
-G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup
--ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
--level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive
-n, --seek archive is seekable
--no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating
incremental archives
--no-seek archive is not seekable
--occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
in the archive; this option is valid only in
conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
--diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
files is given either on the command line or via
the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
--sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
set version of the sparse format to use (implies
--sparse)
-S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
Overwrite control:
-k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting
--keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than
their archive copies
--no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories
--overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting
--overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when
extracting (default)
--recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
--remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive
-U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it
-W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it
Select output stream:
--ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
--no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as
error
-O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output
--to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program
Handling of file attributes:
--atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either
by restoring the times after reading
(METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the
times in the first place (METHOD='system')
--delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and
permissions of extracted directories until the end
of extraction
--group=NAME force NAME as group for added files
--mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
--mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
-m, --touch don't extract file modified time
--no-delay-directory-restore
cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore
option
--no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
users)
--no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions
from the archive (default for ordinary users)
--numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names
--owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files
-p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
extract information about file permissions
(default for superuser)
--preserve same as both -p and -s
--same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as
exists in the archive (default for superuser)
-s, --preserve-order, --same-order
sort names to extract to match archive
Device selection and switching:
-f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE
--force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon
-F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME
run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
-L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
-M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive
--rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
--rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
--volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE
Device blocking:
-b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
-B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
-i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
--record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512
Archive format selection:
-H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format
FORMAT is one of the following:
gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format
oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12
pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
posix same as pax
ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
v7 old V7 tar format
--old-archive, --portability
same as --format=v7
--pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
control pax keywords
--posix same as --format=posix
-V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at
list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
for volume name
Compression options:
-a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression
program
-I, --use-compress-program=PROG
filter through PROG (must accept -d)
-j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2
-J, --xz filter the archive through xz
--lzip filter the archive through lzip
--lzma filter the archive through xz
--lzop
--no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the
compression program
-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip
-Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress
Local file selection:
--add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
starts with a dash)
--backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
-C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN
--exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files
--exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
--exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
except for FILE itself
--exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
--exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories
containing FILE
--exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories
-h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
point to
--hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
refer to
-K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
begin at member MEMBER-NAME in the archive
--newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only
--no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option
--no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories
--no-unquote do not unquote filenames read with -T
--null -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C
-N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
--one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive
-P, --absolute-names don't strip leading `/'s from file names
--recursion recurse into directories (default)
--suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~'
unless overridden by environment variable
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
-T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE
--unquote unquote filenames read with -T (default)
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE
File name transformations:
--strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file
names on extraction
--transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
names
File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):
--anchored patterns match file name start
--ignore-case ignore case
--no-anchored patterns match after any `/' (default for
exclusion)
--no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default)
--no-wildcards verbatim string matching
--no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match `/'
--wildcards use wildcards (default for exclusion)
--wildcards-match-slash wildcards match `/' (default for exclusion)
Informative output:
--checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record
(default 10)
--checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint
--full-time print file time to its full resolution
--index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE
-l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped
--no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING
--quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING
--quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
values
-R, --block-number show block number within archive with each
message
--show-defaults show tar defaults
--show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory
that does not match search criteria
--show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
show file or archive names after transformation
--totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive;
with an argument - print total bytes when this
SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
without SIG prefix are also accepted
--utc print file modification times in UTC
-v, --verbose verbosely list files processed
--warning=KEYWORD warning control
-w, --interactive, --confirmation
ask for confirmation for every action
Compatibility options:
-o when creating, same as --old-archive; when
extracting, same as --no-same-owner
Other options:
-?, --help give this help list
--restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options
--usage give a short usage message
--version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:
none, off never make backups
t, numbered make numbered backups
nil, existing numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
never, simple always make simple backups
Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are:
literal
shell
shell-always
c
c-maybe
escape
locale
clocale
*This* tar defaults to:
--format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/usr/sbin/rmt
--rsh-command=/usr/bin/rsh
Report bugs to <[email protected]>.
2.不得不說解壓縮的命令的參數實在太多，下面只能儘量翻譯一下
使用：tar [選項] [文件]
tar將很多文件保存到一個單個的磁帶或者磁盤歸檔，還可以從歸檔中恢復出來。
舉例：
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # 將foo和bar保存到一個歸檔archive.tar中
tar -tvf archive.tar # 顯示歸檔archive.tar中的文件
tar -xf archive.tar # 從歸檔archive.tar中提取出所有文件
主要的操作模式：
-A, --catenate, --concatenate 附加文件到歸檔中
-c, --create 創建一個新的歸檔
-d, --diff, --compare 找出文件與歸檔的不同
--delete 從歸檔中刪除
-r, --append 在歸檔尾部附加文件
-t, --list 顯示歸檔保存的文件
--test-label 測試歸檔的卷標並退出
-u, --update 只附加比歸檔新的文件
-x, --extract, --get 從歸檔中提取文件
操作修正
--check-device 創建歸檔時，檢查設備號
-g, --listed-incremental=FILE 處理新的GUN格式時增量備份
-G, --incremental 處理舊的GUN格式時增量備份
--ignore-failed-read 錯誤讀取是不退出
--level=NUMBER 創建歸檔增量等級
-n, --seek 歸檔可查找
--no-check-device 創建歸檔時，不檢查設備號
--no-seek 歸檔不可查找
--occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
in the archive; this option is valid only in
conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
--diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
files is given either on the command line or via
the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
--sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
當時用稀疏存儲時，設置稀疏存儲的格式
-S, --sparse 高效存儲稀疏文件
覆蓋控制:
-k, --keep-old-files 歸檔時不替換舊的文件
--keep-newer-files 不替換比歸檔新的文件
--no-overwrite-dir 保留已存在在目錄的元數據
--overwrite 當解壓時覆蓋已經存在的文件
--overwrite-dir 解壓時覆蓋已經存在的元數據(默認設置)
--recursive-unlink 解壓之前去除文件的目錄遞歸（去除文件夾）
--remove-files 歸檔後刪除文件
-U, --unlink-first 解壓前先移除它的文件
-W, --verify 寫操作後進行驗證
選擇輸出流：
設備的選擇和切換:
設備塊：
歸檔格式選擇：
-H, --format=FORMAT 以給定的格式歸檔
FORMAT格式如下:
gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format
oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12
pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
posix same as pax
ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
v7 old V7 tar format
--old-archive, --portability 與 --format=v7一樣
--pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
control pax keywords
--posix same as --format=posix
壓縮選項：
-a, --auto-compress 使用歸檔的後綴壓縮
-I, --use-compress-program=PROG
使用 PROG 過濾(must accept -d)
-j, --bzip2 通過 bzip2 過濾
-J, --xz 通過 xz過濾
--lzip 通過 lzip 過濾
--lzma 通過 xz過濾
--lzop
--no-auto-compress 不是用歸檔後綴決定壓縮
-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip 通過 gzip過濾
-Z, --compress, --uncompress 使用壓縮過濾歸檔
本地文件選擇：
文件名轉換：
文件名匹配選項（同時影響圖片的選擇和排除）
提示信息輸出：
兼容性選項：
其他選項：
-?, --help 給出幫助信息
--restrict 一些可能有害的選項
--usage 給出簡短的幫助信息
--version 輸出程序版本
備份的後綴名是‘～’，除非你設置 -- suffix或者SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.也可以通過--backup or VERSION_CONTROL設置備份的版本，參數如下：
none, off 從來不備份
t, numbered 設置編號備份
nil, existing 當存在其他備份時，設置編號
never, simple 總是簡單的備份
3.簡單的使用介紹
壓縮：
tar -cvf filename.tar /home/mine/work /home/mine/school將多個文件或者目錄打包到filename.tar中，應該不進行壓縮，只是打包
tar -cjvf filename.xz file使用-j將文件file以tbz格式壓縮到 filename.xz
文件列表：
tar -tvf filename.tar列出filename.tar中的文件
解壓：
tar -xvf filename.tar解壓filename.tar
4.總結
由於剛接觸命令，所以有很多東西都還理解的不到位，只能在後續的學習中繼續瞭解，希望大家多多交流指導。