Java通過Executors提供四種線程池，分別爲：
newCachedThreadPool創建一個可緩存線程池，如果線程池長度超過處理需要，可靈活回收空閒線程，若無可回收，則新建線程。
newFixedThreadPool 創建一個定長線程池，可控制線程最大併發數，超出的線程會在隊列中等待。
newScheduledThreadPool 創建一個定長線程池，支持定時及週期性任務執行。
newSingleThreadExecutor 創建一個單線程化的線程池，它只會用唯一的工作線程來執行任務，保證所有任務按照指定順序(FIFO, LIFO, 優先級)執行。
(1) newCachedThreadPool
創建一個可緩存線程池，如果線程池長度超過處理需要，可靈活回收空閒線程，若無可回收，則新建線程。示例代碼如下：<span style="font-size:18px;">package test;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService cachedThreadPool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int index = i;
try {
Thread.sleep(index * 1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
cachedThreadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println(index);
}
});
}
}
} </span>線程池爲無限大，當執行第二個任務時第一個任務已經完成，會複用執行第一個任務的線程，而不用每次新建線程。
(2) newFixedThreadPool
創建一個定長線程池，可控制線程最大併發數，超出的線程會在隊列中等待。示例代碼如下：<span style="font-size:18px;">package test;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService fixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int index = i;
fixedThreadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println(index);
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
}
}
}</span>
因爲線程池大小爲3，每個任務輸出index後sleep 2秒，所以每兩秒打印3個數字。
定長線程池的大小最好根據系統資源進行設置。如Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()
(3) newScheduledThreadPool
創建一個定長線程池，支持定時及週期性任務執行。延遲執行示例代碼如下：<span style="font-size:18px;">package test;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ScheduledExecutorService scheduledThreadPool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
scheduledThreadPool.schedule(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println("delay 3 seconds");
}
}, 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
} </span>表示延遲3秒執行。
定期執行示例代碼如下：
<span style="font-size:18px;">package test;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ScheduledExecutorService scheduledThreadPool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
scheduledThreadPool.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println("delay 1 seconds, and excute every 3 seconds");
}
}, 1, 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
} </span>表示延遲1秒後每3秒執行一次。
(4) newSingleThreadExecutor
創建一個單線程化的線程池，它只會用唯一的工作線程來執行任務，保證所有任務按照指定順序(FIFO, LIFO, 優先級)執行。示例代碼如下：
<span style="font-size:18px;">package test;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService singleThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
final int index = i;
singleThreadExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println(index);
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
}
}
} </span>結果依次輸出，相當於順序執行各個任務。
你可以使用JDK自帶的監控工具來監控我們創建的線程數量，運行一個不終止的線程，創建指定量的線程，來觀察：
工具目錄：C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_06\bin\jconsole.exe
運行程序做稍微修改：
package test;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ThreadPoolExecutorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService singleThreadExecutor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
final int index = i;
singleThreadExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
while(true) {
System.out.println(index);
Thread.sleep(10 * 1000);
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
} 效果如下：
選擇我們運行的程序：
監控運行狀態