SystemTap使用指南

1.簡介

 SystemTap是一個Linux非常有用的調試(跟蹤/探測)工具,常用於Linux
 內核或者應用程序的信息採集,比如:獲取一個函數裏面運行時的變
 量、調用堆棧,甚至可以直接修改變量的值,對診斷性能或功能問題非
 常有幫助。SystemTap提供非常簡單的命令行接口和很簡潔的腳本語
 言,以及非常豐富的tapset和例子。  

2.何時使用

定位(內核)函數位置
查看函數被調用時的調用堆棧、局部變量、參數
查看函數指針變量實際指的是哪個函數
查看代碼的執行軌跡(哪些行被執行了)
查看內核或者進程的執行流程
調試內存泄露或者內存重複釋放
統計函數調用次數
......

3.原理

在網上找了個原理圖:

systemtap

SystemTap的處理流程有5個步驟:解析script文件(parse)、細化(elaborate)、script文件翻譯成C語言代碼(translate)、編譯C語言代碼(生成內核模塊)(build)、加載內核模塊(run)

systemtap_phase

4.安裝

SystemTap依賴的package:
elfutils、gcc、kernel-devel、kernel-debuginfo
如果調用用戶態進程,還需要該程序有調試符號,否則無法調試。
推薦使用最新穩定版的SystemTap,目前最新穩定版爲:systemtap-2.9.tar.gz

5.入門

5.1 stap命令

stap [OPTIONS] FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
stap [OPTIONS] - [ARGUMENTS]
stap [OPTIONS] –e SCRIPT [ARGUMENTS]

比較常用和有用的參數:
-e SCRIPT               Run given script.
-l PROBE                List matching probes.
-L PROBE                List matching probes and local variables.
-g                      guru mode 
-D NM=VAL               emit macro definition into generated C code
-o FILE                 send script output to file, instead of stdout.
-x PID                  sets target() to PID

Hello World:

root@j9 ~/stp# cat hello-world.stp
probe begin {
    print("===Hello World===\n")
}

probe end {
    print("===GunLe===\n")
}
root@j9 ~/stp# stap hello-world.stp 
===Hello World===
^C===GunLe===
root@j9 ~/stp# stap -e 'probe begin { printf("Hello World!\n") exit() }'   
Hello World!
root@j9 ~/stp#

5.2 staprun命令

staprun [OPTIONS] MODULE [MODULE-OPTIONS]

stap命令與staprun命令的區別在於:
stap命令的操作對象是stp文件或script命令等,而staprun命令的操作對象是編譯生成的內核模塊。

6.腳本語言

6.1 probe

“probe” <=> “探測”, 是SystemTap進行具體地收集數據的關鍵字。
systemtap_probe

“probe point” 是probe動作的時機,也稱探測點。也就是probe程序監視的某事件點,一旦偵測的事件觸發了,則probe將從此處插入內核或者用戶進程中。
“probe handle” 是當probe插入內核或者用戶進程後所做的具體動作。

probe用法:

probe probe-point { statement }

在Hello World例子中begin和end就是probe-point, statement就是該探測點的處理邏輯,在Hello World例子中statement只有一行print,statement可以是複雜的代碼塊。
探測點語法:

kernel.function(PATTERN)
kernel.function(PATTERN).call
kernel.function(PATTERN).return
kernel.function(PATTERN).return.maxactive(VALUE)
kernel.function(PATTERN).inline
kernel.function(PATTERN).label(LPATTERN)
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN)
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN).call
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN).return.maxactive(VALUE)
module(MPATTERN).function(PATTERN).inline
kernel.statement(PATTERN)
kernel.statement(ADDRESS).absolute
module(MPATTERN).statement(PATTERN)
process(PROCESSPATH).function(PATTERN)
process(PROCESSPATH).function(PATTERN).call
process(PROCESSPATH).function(PATTERN).return
process(PROCESSPATH).function(PATTERN).inline
process(PROCESSPATH).statement(PATTERN)

PATTERN語法爲:

func[@file]
func@file:linenumber

例如:

kernel.function("*init*")
module("ext3").function("*")
kernel.statement("*@kernel/time.c:296")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request")

在return探測點可以用&dollar;return獲取該函數的返回值。
inline函數無法安裝.return探測點,也無法用$return獲取其返回值。

6.2 基本語法

SystemTap腳本語法比較簡單,與C語言類似,只是每一行結尾";"是可選的。主要語句如下:
if/else、while、for/foreach、break/continue、return、next、delete、try/catch
其中:
next:主要在probe探測點邏輯處理中使用,調用此語句時,立刻從調用函數中退出。不同於exit()的是,next只是退出當前的調用函數,而此SystemTap並沒有終了,但exit()則會終止SystemTap。

6.2.1 變量

不需要明確聲明變量類型,腳本語言會根據函數參數等自動判斷變量是什麼類型的。
局部變量:在聲明的probe和block(”{ }“範圍內的部分)內有效。
全局變量:用”global“聲明的變量,在此SystemTap的整個動作過程中都有效。全局變量的聲明位置沒有具體要求。需要注意的是,全局變量默認有鎖保護,使用過多會有性能損失,如果用全局變量保存指針,可能出現指針所指的內容被進程修改,在探測點中拿不到真正的數據。
獲取進程中的變量(全局變量、局部變量、參數)直接在變量名前面加$即可(後面會有例子)

6.2.2 註釋

# ...... : Shell語言風格    
//...... : C++語言風格    
 /*......*/ : C語言風格

6.2.3 操作符

比較運算符、算數運算符基本上與C語言一樣,需要特別指出的是:
(1)、.操作符:連接兩個字符串,類似於php;
(2)、=~和!~:正則匹配和正則不匹配;

6.2.4 函數

函數定義例子:

function indent:string (delta:long){
  return _generic_indent(-1, "",  delta)
}

function _generic_indent (idx, desc, delta)
{
  ts = __indent_timestamp ()
  if (! _indent_counters[idx]) _indent_timestamps[idx] = ts
  depth = _generic_indent_depth(idx, delta)
  return sprintf("%6d (%d:%d) %s:%-*s", (ts - _indent_timestamps[idx]), depth, delta, desc, depth, "")
}  

function strlen:long(s:string) %{
    STAP_RETURN(strlen(STAP_ARG_s));
%}

官方有很多很有用的函數,詳情請參考:https://sourceware.org/systemtap/tapsets/
以及在本機安裝了SystemTap之後在目錄/usr/local/share/systemtap/tapset/下也可以看具體函數的實現以及一些奇特的用法。

7.技巧

7.1 定位函數位置

在一個大型項目中找出函數在哪裏定義有時很有用,特別是一些比較難找出在哪裏定義的函數,比如內核或者glibc中的某個函數想要看其實現時,首先得找出其在哪個文件的哪一行定義,用SystemTap一行命令就可以搞定。
比如要看printf在glibc中哪裏定義的:

root@j9 ~# stap -l 'process("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6").function("printf")' 
process("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.15.so").function("__printf@/build/buildd/eglibc-2.15/stdio-common/printf.c:29")

可以看出printf是在printf.c第29行定義的。
再比如要看內核中recv系統的調用是在哪裏定義的:

root@j9 ~# stap -l 'kernel.function("sys_recv")'
kernel.function("sys_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/net/socket.c:1868")

可以看出recv是在socket.c第1868行定義的。
甚至可以*號來模糊查找:

root@j9 ~# stap -l 'kernel.function("*recv")'   
kernel.function("__audit_mq_sendrecv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/kernel/auditsc.c:2062")
kernel.function("audit_mq_sendrecv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/include/linux/audit.h:263")
kernel.function("compat_sys_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/net/compat.c:762")
kernel.function("i2c_master_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/drivers/i2c/i2c-core.c:1827")
kernel.function("ip_cmsg_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/net/ipv4/ip_sockglue.c:147")
kernel.function("kgdb_tty_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/drivers/tty/serial/kgdb_nmi.c:109")
kernel.function("ppp_do_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/drivers/net/ppp/ppp_generic.c:1617")
kernel.function("scm_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/include/net/scm.h:109")
kernel.function("sys_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/net/socket.c:1868")
kernel.function("tcp_event_data_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:615")
kernel.function("tcp_splice_data_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/net/ipv4/tcp.c:637")
kernel.function("tpm_tis_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/drivers/char/tpm/tpm_tis.c:231")
kernel.function("try_fill_recv@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/drivers/net/virtio_net.c:615")

同理,也可以用來定位用戶進程的函數位置:
比如tengine的文件ngx_shmem.c裏面爲了兼容各個操作系統而實現了三個版本的ngx_shm_alloc,用#if (NGX_HAVE_MAP_ANON)、#elif (NGX_HAVE_MAP_DEVZERO)、#elif (NGX_HAVE_SYSVSHM)、#endif來做條件編譯,那怎麼知道編譯出來的是哪個版本呢,用SystemTap的話就很簡單了,否則要去grep一下這幾宏有沒有定義才知道了。

[root@cache4 tengine]# stap -l 'process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_shm_alloc")'
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_shm_alloc@src/os/unix/ngx_shmem.c:15")

7.2 查看可用探測點以及該探測點上可用的變量

在一些探測點上能獲取的變量比較有限,這是因爲這些變量可能已經被編譯器優化掉了,優化掉的變量就獲取不到了。一般先用-L參數來看看有哪些變量可以直接使用:

[root@cache4 tengine]# stap -L 'process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_shm_alloc")' 
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_shm_alloc@src/os/unix/ngx_shmem.c:15") $shm:ngx_shm_t*

可見在該探測點上可以直接使用$shm這個變量,其類型是ngx_shm_t*。
statement探測點也類似:

[root@cache4 tengine]# stap -L 'process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_pcalloc@src/core/ngx_palloc.c:*")'                   
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_pcalloc@src/core/ngx_palloc.c:395") $pool:ngx_pool_t* $size:size_t
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_pcalloc@src/core/ngx_palloc.c:398") $pool:ngx_pool_t* $size:size_t
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_pcalloc@src/core/ngx_palloc.c:399") $size:size_t
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_pcalloc@src/core/ngx_palloc.c:404") $size:size_t $p:void*

7.3 輸出調用堆棧

用戶態探測點堆棧:print_ubacktrace()、sprint_ubacktrace()
內核態探測點堆棧:print_backtrace()、sprint_backtrace()
不帶s和帶s的區別是前者直接輸出,後者是返回堆棧字符串。
這幾個函數非常有用,在排查問題時可以根據一些特定條件來過濾函數被執行時是怎麼調用進來的,比如排查tengine返回5xx時的調用堆棧是怎樣的:

#cat debug_tengine_5xx.stp 
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_finalize_request").call {
    if ($rc >= 500) {
        printf("rc: %d\n", $rc)
        print_ubacktrace()
    }
}

#stap debug_tengine_5xx.stp 
rc: 502
 0x49af2e : ngx_http_finalize_request+0xe/0x480 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x543305 : ngx_http_video_flv_send_rest+0xf5/0x380 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x543187 : ngx_http_video_finalize_request+0x57/0xe0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x49828f : ngx_http_terminate_request+0x4f/0xc0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x49b760 : ngx_http_test_reading+0x50/0x130 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x49779f : ngx_http_request_handler+0x1f/0x40 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x47ea8f : ngx_epoll_process_events+0x2df/0x330 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x4753f9 : ngx_process_events_and_timers+0x69/0x1c0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x47d4d8 : ngx_worker_process_cycle+0x138/0x260 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x47a38a : ngx_spawn_process+0x1ca/0x5e0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x47c73c : ngx_start_worker_processes+0x7c/0x100 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x47db5f : ngx_master_process_cycle+0x3af/0x9b0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x45a740 : main+0xa90/0xb50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx]
 0x3623e1ecdd [/lib64/libc-2.12.so+0x1ecdd/0x38d000]

比如看看內核是怎麼收包的:

root@jusse ~# cat netif_receive_skb.stp 
probe kernel.function("netif_receive_skb") 
{ 
    printf("--------------------------------------------------------\n"); 
    print_backtrace(); 
    printf("--------------------------------------------------------\n"); 
} 
root@jusse ~# stap netif_receive_skb.stp
--------------------------------------------------------
 0xffffffff8164dc00 : netif_receive_skb+0x0/0x90 [kernel]
 0xffffffff8164e280 : napi_gro_receive+0xb0/0x130 [kernel]
 0xffffffff81554537 : handle_incoming_queue+0xe7/0x100 [kernel]
 0xffffffff815555d9 : xennet_poll+0x279/0x430 [kernel]
 0xffffffff8164ee09 : net_rx_action+0x139/0x250 [kernel]
 0xffffffff810702cd : __do_softirq+0xdd/0x300 [kernel]
 0xffffffff8107088e : irq_exit+0x11e/0x140 [kernel]
 0xffffffff8144e785 : xen_evtchn_do_upcall+0x35/0x50 [kernel]
 0xffffffff8176c9ed : xen_hvm_callback_vector+0x6d/0x80 [kernel]
--------------------------------------------------------

7.4 獲取函數參數

一些被編譯器優化掉的函數參數用-L去看的時候沒有找到,這樣的話在探測點裏面也不能直接用$方式獲取該參數變量,這時可以使用SystemTap提供的_arg函數接口,是根據類型指定的,比如pointer_arg是獲取指針類型參數,int_arg是獲取整型參數,類似的還有long_arg、longlong_arg、uint_arg、ulong_arg、ulonglong_arg、s32_arg、s64_arg、u32_arg、u64_arg:

image

root@j9 ~# stap -L 'kernel.function("sys_open")' 
kernel.function("SyS_open@/build/buildd/linux-lts-trusty-3.13.0/fs/open.c:1011") $ret:long int
root@j9 ~# cat sys_open.stp 
probe kernel.function("sys_open").call
{
    printf("filename: %p(%s), flags: %d, mode: %x\n", pointer_arg(1), kernel_string(pointer_arg(1)), int_arg(2), int_arg(3));
}
root@j9 ~# stap sys_open.stp 
filename: 0xc2081d2120(/proc/stat), flags: 524288, mode: 0
filename: 0x7facec00e838(/root/opt/libexec/systemtap/stapio), flags: 0, mode: 1b6
filename: 0x2219488(/var/log/auth.log), flags: 0, mode: 1b6
filename: 0x7facec00e838(/root/opt/libexec/systemtap/stapio), flags: 0, mode: 1b6
filename: 0x7fad10172c29(/etc/passwd), flags: 524288, mode: 1b6
^C

再比如兩個函數的函數參數類型兼容也可以使用這種方法獲取:
image

這兩個函數的參數完全兼容,只是第二個參數命名不一樣而已,可以像下面這麼用:

#cat debug_tengine_5xx.stp 
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_finalize_request").call, process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_special_response_handler").call {
    rc = int_arg(2)
    if (rc >= 500) {
        printf("rc: %d\n", rc)
        print_ubacktrace()
    }
}

7.5 獲取全局變量

有時候用$可以直接獲取到全局變量,但有時候又獲取不到,那可以試試@var:
比如獲取nginx的全局變量ngx_cycyle:

root@j9 ~# cat get_ngx_cycle.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_process_events_and_timers").call {
    printf("ngx_cycle->connections: %d\n", $ngx_cycle->connections)
    exit()
}

root@j9 ~# stap get_ngx_cycle.stp
semantic error: while processing probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_process_events_and_timers@src/event/ngx_event.c:225").call from: process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_process_events_and_timers").call

semantic error: unable to find local 'ngx_cycle', [man error::dwarf] dieoffset 0x73ca8 in /home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx, near pc 0x434152 in ngx_process_events_and_timers src/event/ngx_event.c (alternatives: $cycle, $delta, $timer, $flags)): identifier '$ngx_cycle' at get_ngx_cycle.stp:3:44
        source:     printf("ngx_cycle->connections: %d\n", $ngx_cycle->connections)
                                                           ^

Pass 2: analysis failed.  [man error::pass2]

root@j9 ~# cat get_ngx_cycle.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_process_events_and_timers").call {
    ngx_cycle = @var("ngx_cycle@src/core/ngx_cycle.c")
    printf("ngx_cycle->connections: %d\n", ngx_cycle->connections)
    exit()
}

root@j9 ~# stap get_ngx_cycle.stp
ngx_cycle->connections: 19507312

7.6 獲取數據結構成員用法

typedef struct {
    size_t      len;
    u_char     *data;
} ngx_str_t;

struct ngx_http_request_s {
    ......
    ngx_uint_t                        method;
    ngx_uint_t                        http_version;

    ngx_str_t                         request_line;
    ngx_str_t                         raw_uri;
    ngx_str_t                         uri;
    ......
};

上面這個是nginx裏面的http請求結構裏面的幾個成員,在C語言裏,如果r是struct ngx_http_request_t *,那麼要獲取uri的data是這樣的:r->uri.data,但在SystemTap裏面,不管是指針還是數據結構,都是用->訪問其成員:

#cat get_http_uri.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request").call {
    printf("r->uri.len: %d, r->uri.data: %p\n", $r->uri.len, $r->uri.data)
}
#stap get_http_uri.stp
WARNING: never-assigned local variable 'len' (similar: data): identifier 'len' at get_http_uri.stp:2:57
 source:     printf("r->uri.len: %d, r->uri.data: %p\n", $r->uri.len, $r->uri.data)
                                                                 ^
WARNING: never-assigned local variable 'data' (similar: len): identifier 'data' at :2:70
 source:     printf("r->uri.len: %d, r->uri.data: %p\n", $r->uri.len, $r->uri.data)
                                                                              ^
semantic error: invalid operator: operator '.' at :2:56
        source:     printf("r->uri.len: %d, r->uri.data: %p\n", $r->uri.len, $r->uri.data)
                                                                       ^

semantic error: type mismatch: expected long but found string: operator '.' at :2:56
        source:     printf("r->uri.len: %d, r->uri.data: %p\n", $r->uri.len, $r->uri.data)
                                                                       ^

Pass 2: analysis failed.  [man error::pass2]

#cat get_http_uri.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request").call {
    printf("r->uri.len: %d, r->uri.data: %p\n", $r->uri->len, $r->uri->data)
}

#stap get_http_uri.stp
r->uri.len: 1, r->uri.data: 0x1276f94
r->uri.len: 1, r->uri.data: 0x11d5fc4
r->uri.len: 1, r->uri.data: 0x124fd24
^C

7.7 輸出整個數據結構

SystemTap有兩個語法可以輸出整個數據結構:在變量的後面加一個或者兩個

$即可,例子如下:

#cat get_r_pool.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request").call {
    printf("$r->pool$: %s\n$r->pool$$: %s\n", $r->pool$, $r->pool$$)
}
#stap get_r_pool.stp
$r->pool$: {.d={...}, .max=4016, .current=0x161acd0, .chain=0x0, .large=0x0, .cleanup=0x0, .log=0x161c690}
$r->pool$$: {.d={.last="a", .end="", .next=0x1617650, .failed=0}, .max=4016, .current=0x161acd0, .chain=0x0, .large=0x0, .cleanup=0x0, .log=0x161c690}

其中r->pool的結構如下:

typedef struct {
    u_char               *last;
    u_char               *end;
    ngx_pool_t           *next;
    ngx_uint_t            failed;
} ngx_pool_data_t;

struct ngx_pool_s {
    ngx_pool_data_t       d;
    size_t                max;
    ngx_pool_t           *current;
    ngx_chain_t          *chain;
    ngx_pool_large_t     *large;
    ngx_pool_cleanup_t   *cleanup;
    ngx_log_t            *log;
#if  (NGX_DEBUG_POOL)
    size_t                size;
    ngx_pool_stat_t      *stat;
#endif
};

ngx_pool_s包含了結構ngx_pool_data_t。變量後面加和$的區別是後者展開了裏面的結構而前者不展開,此用法只輸出基本數據類型的值。

7.8 輸出字符串指針

用戶態使用:user_string、user_string_n
內核態使用:kernel_string、kernel_string_n、user_string_quoted

#cat get_http_uri.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request").call {
    printf("r->uri: %s\nr->uri(n): %s\n", user_string($r->uri->data), user_string_n($r->uri->data, $r->uri->len))
}

#stap get_http_uri.stp
r->uri: /?id=1 HTTP/1.1
User-Agent
r->uri(n): /

user_string_quoted是獲取用戶態傳給內核的字符串,代碼中一般有__user宏標記:
image

#cat sys_open.stp
probe kernel.function("sys_open")
{
    printf("filename: %s\n", user_string_quoted(pointer_arg(1)));
}
#stap sys_open.stp 
filename: "/var/log/auth.log"
filename: "/proc/stat"
filename: "/proc/uptime"

7.9 指針類型轉換

SystemTap提供@cast來實現指針類型轉換,比如可以將void *轉成自己需要的類型:
image
image

#cat get_c_fd.stp 
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request_line").call {
    printf("c->fd: %d\n", @cast($rev->data, "ngx_connection_t")->fd)
}

#stap get_c_fd.stp 
c->fd: 3
c->fd: 28
c->fd: 30
c->fd: 32
c->fd: 34
^C

7.10 定義某個類型的變量

同樣是用@cast,定義一個變量用來保存其轉換後的地址即可,用法如下:

#cat get_c.stp 
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request_line").call {
    c = &@cast($rev->data, "ngx_connection_t")
    printf("c->fd: %d, c->requests: %d\n", c->fd, c->requests)
}

#stap get_c.stp 
c->fd: 3, c->requests: 1
c->fd: 28, c->requests: 1
c->fd: 30, c->requests: 1
^C

7.11 多級指針用法

root@j9 ~# cat cc_multi_pointer.c
#include <stdio.h>

struct test {
    int count;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{   
    struct test t = {.count = 5566};
    struct test *pt = &t;
    struct test **ppt = &pt;

    printf("t.count: %d, pt->count: %d, ppt->count: %d\n", t.count, pt->count, (*ppt)->count);

    return 0;
}

root@j9 ~# gcc -Wall -g -o cc_multi_pointer ./cc_multi_pointer.c

root@j9 ~# cat cc_multi_pointer.stp
probe process("./cc_multi_pointer").statement("main@./cc_multi_pointer.c:13")
{   
    printf("$t->count: %d, $pt->count: %d, $ppt->count: %d", $t->count, $pt->count, $ppt[0]->count);
}

root@j9 ~# ./cc_multi_pointer
t.count: 5566, pt->count: 5566, ppt->count: 5566

root@j9 ~# stap ./cc_multi_pointer.stp -c './cc_multi_pointer'
t.count: 5566, pt->count: 5566, ppt->count: 5566
$t->count: 5566, $pt->count: 5566, $ppt->count: 5566

簡言之:通過[0]去解引用即可。

7.12 遍歷C語言數組

下面是在nginx處理請求關閉時遍歷請求頭的例子:

#cat debug_http_header.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_finalize_request").call {
    i = 0
    headers_in_part = &$r->headers_in->headers->part
    headers = &@cast(headers_in_part->elts, "ngx_table_elt_t")[0]
    while (headers) {
        if (i >= headers_in_part->nelts) {
            if (!headers_in_part->next) {
                break
            }
            headers_in_part = headers_in_part->next;
            headers = &@cast(headers_in_part->elts, "ngx_table_elt_t")[0]
            i = 0
        }
        h = &@cast(headers, "ngx_table_elt_t")[i]
        printf("%s: %s\n", user_string_n(h->key->data, h->key->len), user_string_n(h->value->data, h->value->len))
        i += 1
    }
}

#stap debug_http_header.stp
User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
Host: 127.0.0.1:20090
Accept: */*

7.13 查看函數指針所指的函數名

獲取一個地址所對應的符號:
用戶態:usymname
內核態:symname

#cat get_c_handler.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("ngx_http_process_request_line").call {
    c = &@cast($rev->data, "ngx_connection_t")
    printf("c->read->handlers: %s, c->write->handler: %s\n", usymname(c->read->handler), usymname(c->write->handler))
}

#stap get_c_handler.stp
c->read->handlers: ngx_http_process_request_line, c->write->handler: ngx_http_empty_handler
^C

7.14 修改進程中的變量

root@j9 ~# cat stap_set_var.c -n     
     1  #include <stdio.h>
     2
     3  typedef struct policy {
     4      int     id;
     5  } policy_t;
     6
     7  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     8  {
     9      policy_t policy;
    10      policy_t *p = &policy;
    11      policy_t **pp;
    12
    13      p->id = 111;
    14
    15      printf("before stap set, p->id: %d\n", p->id);
    16
    17      pp = &p;
    18
    19      printf("after stap set, p->id: %d, (*pp)->id: %d\n", p->id, (*pp)->id);
    20
    21      return 0;
    22  }

root@j9 ~# gcc -Wall -g -o ./stap_set_var ./stap_set_var.c      

root@j9 ~# cat stap_set_var.stp
probe process("./stap_set_var").statement("main@./stap_set_var.c:17")
{
    $p->id = 222;
    printf("$p$: %s\n", $p$)
}

root@j9 ~# stap -g stap_set_var.stp -c ./stap_set_var         
before stap set, p->id: 111
after stap set, p->id: 222, (*pp)->id: 222
$p$: {.id=222}

root@j9 ~#

可以看出在第17行用SystemTap修改後的值在第19行就生效了。
需要注意的是stap要加-g參數在guru模式下才能修改變量的值。

7.15 跟蹤進程執行流程

thread_indent(n): 補充空格
ppfunc(): 當前探測點所在的函數
在call探測點調用thread_indent(4)補充4個空格,在return探測點調用thread_indent(-4)回退4個空格,效果如下:

#cat trace_nginx.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("*@src/http/ngx_http_*").call
{
    printf("%s -> %s\n", thread_indent(4), ppfunc());
}

probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").function("*@src/http/ngx_http_*").return
{
    printf("%s <- %s\n", thread_indent(-4), ppfunc());
}

#stap trace_nginx.stp
     0 nginx(11368):    -> ngx_http_init_connection
    21 nginx(11368):    <- ngx_http_init_connection
     0 nginx(11368):    -> ngx_http_wait_request_handler
    30 nginx(11368):        -> ngx_http_create_request
    41 nginx(11368):        <- ngx_http_create_request
    55 nginx(11368):        -> ngx_http_process_request_line
    72 nginx(11368):            -> ngx_http_read_request_header
    78 nginx(11368):            <- ngx_http_read_request_header
    91 nginx(11368):            -> ngx_http_parse_request_line
    99 nginx(11368):            <- ngx_http_parse_request_line
   109 nginx(11368):            -> ngx_http_process_request_uri
   115 nginx(11368):            <- ngx_http_process_request_uri
   127 nginx(11368):            -> ngx_http_process_request_headers
   138 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_read_request_header
   143 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_read_request_header
   155 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_parse_header_line
   163 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_parse_header_line
   178 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_process_user_agent
   185 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_process_user_agent
   192 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_parse_header_line
   198 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_parse_header_line
   208 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_process_host
   222 nginx(11368):                    -> ngx_http_validate_host
   229 nginx(11368):                    <- ngx_http_validate_host
   239 nginx(11368):                    -> ngx_http_set_virtual_server
   252 nginx(11368):                        -> ngx_http_find_virtual_server
   259 nginx(11368):                        <- ngx_http_find_virtual_server
   263 nginx(11368):                    <- ngx_http_set_virtual_server
   266 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_process_host
   274 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_parse_header_line
   279 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_parse_header_line
   287 nginx(11368):                -> ngx_http_parse_header_line
   292 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_parse_header_line

   .....

  2072 nginx(11368):                                <- ngx_http_finalize_request
  2076 nginx(11368):                            <- ngx_http_core_content_phase
  2079 nginx(11368):                        <- ngx_http_core_run_phases
  2083 nginx(11368):                    <- ngx_http_handler
  2093 nginx(11368):                    -> ngx_http_run_posted_requests
  2100 nginx(11368):                    <- ngx_http_run_posted_requests
  2103 nginx(11368):                <- ngx_http_process_request
  2107 nginx(11368):            <- ngx_http_process_request_headers
  2111 nginx(11368):        <- ngx_http_process_request_line
  2114 nginx(11368):    <- ngx_http_wait_request_handler
     0 nginx(11368):    -> ngx_http_keepalive_handler
    26 nginx(11368):        -> ngx_http_close_connection
    79 nginx(11368):        <- ngx_http_close_connection
    83 nginx(11368):    <- ngx_http_keepalive_handler

7.16 查看代碼執行路徑

pp(): 輸出當前被激活的探測點

#cat ngx_http_process_request.stp
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:*") {
    printf("%s\n", pp())
}

#stap ngx_http_process_request.stp 
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2762")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2768")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2771")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2773")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2774")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2783")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2835")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2840")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2841")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2842")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2843")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2846")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2847")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2848")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2850")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2852")
process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/nginx").statement("ngx_http_process_request@src/http/ngx_http_request.c:2853")
^C

可以看出該函數哪些行被執行了。

7.17 巧用正則匹配過濾

在排查問題時,可以利用一些正則匹配來獲取自己想要的信息,比如下面是隻收集*.j9.com的堆棧:

#
cat debug_tengine_5xx.stp 
probe process("/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn").function("ngx_http_finalize_request").call {
    rc = $rc
    if (rc < 0) {
        host = "(null)"
        if ($r->headers_in->server->len != 0) {
            host = user_string_n($r->headers_in->server->data, $r->headers_in->server->len)
        } else {
            cscf = &@cast($r->srv_conf, "ngx_http_core_srv_conf_t")[@var("ngx_http_core_module@src/http/ngx_http_core_module.c")->ctx_index]
            if (cscf->server_name->len != 0) {
                 host = user_string_n(cscf->server_name->data, cscf->server_name->len)
            }
        }

        if (host =~ ".*\.j9\.com") {
            printf("rc: %d, host: %s\n", rc, host)
            print_ubacktrace()
        }
    }
}

#stap debug_tengine_5xx.stp
WARNING: Missing unwind data for module, rerun with 'stap -d /lib64/libc-2.12.so'
rc: -4, host: www.j9.com
 0x49af2e : ngx_http_finalize_request+0xe/0x480 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x492eab : ngx_http_core_content_phase+0x2b/0x130 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x48e74d : ngx_http_core_run_phases+0x3d/0x50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x514c3c : ngx_http_lua_socket_tcp_read+0x44c/0x590 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x513150 : ngx_http_lua_socket_tcp_handler+0x30/0x50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x475b96 : ngx_event_process_posted+0x36/0x40 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47d4d8 : ngx_worker_process_cycle+0x138/0x260 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47a38a : ngx_spawn_process+0x1ca/0x5e0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47c73c : ngx_start_worker_processes+0x7c/0x100 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47db5f : ngx_master_process_cycle+0x3af/0x9b0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x45a740 : main+0xa90/0xb50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x3623e1ecdd [/lib64/libc-2.12.so+0x1ecdd/0x38d000]
rc: -4, host: cdn.j9.com
 0x49af2e : ngx_http_finalize_request+0xe/0x480 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x492eab : ngx_http_core_content_phase+0x2b/0x130 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x48e74d : ngx_http_core_run_phases+0x3d/0x50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x514c3c : ngx_http_lua_socket_tcp_read+0x44c/0x590 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x513150 : ngx_http_lua_socket_tcp_handler+0x30/0x50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x475b96 : ngx_event_process_posted+0x36/0x40 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47d4d8 : ngx_worker_process_cycle+0x138/0x260 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47a38a : ngx_spawn_process+0x1ca/0x5e0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47c73c : ngx_start_worker_processes+0x7c/0x100 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x47db5f : ngx_master_process_cycle+0x3af/0x9b0 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x45a740 : main+0xa90/0xb50 [/home/admin/tengine/bin/t-coresystem-tengine-cdn]
 0x3623e1ecdd [/lib64/libc-2.12.so+0x1ecdd/0x38d000]

7.18 關聯數組用法

SystemTap的關聯數組必須是全局變量,需要用global進行聲明,其索引可以支持多達9項索引域,各域間以逗號隔開。支持 =, ++ 與 +=操作,其默認的初始值爲0。
例如:

root@j9 ~# cat stap_array.stp 
global reads
probe vfs.read {
    reads[execname(), pid()] ++
}
probe timer.s(3) {
    foreach ([execname, pid] in reads) {
        printf("%s(%d) : %d \n", execname, pid, reads[execname, pid])
    }
    print("============================\n")
    delete reads
}

root@j9 ~# stap stap_array.stp 
stapio(18716) : 16 
rsyslogd(770) : 1 
docker(743) : 3 
IFSWatch(5594) : 30 
QThread(5594) : 6 
AliYunDunUpdate(1057) : 4 
sshd(15118) : 1 
sshd(15191) : 1 
============================
stapio(18716) : 16 
sshd(15191) : 3 
docker(743) : 3 
IFSWatch(5594) : 30 
sshd(15118) : 2 
QThread(5594) : 12 
AliYunDunUpdate(1057) : 8 
============================
^C
root@j9 ~/systemtap#

也可以用+、-進行排序:

root@j9 ~# cat stap_array.stp
global reads
probe vfs.read {
    reads[execname(), pid()] ++
}
probe timer.s(3) {
    foreach ([execname, pid+] in reads) {
        printf("%s(%d) : %d \n", execname, pid, reads[execname, pid])
    }
    print("============================\n")
    delete reads
}

root@j9 ~# stap stap_array.stp 
docker(743) : 3 
rsyslogd(770) : 1 
AliYunDunUpdate(1057) : 12 
IFSWatch(5594) : 30 
QThread(5594) : 12 
sshd(15118) : 2 
sshd(15191) : 2 
stapio(19021) : 16 
============================
docker(743) : 3 
AliYunDunUpdate(1057) : 12 
IFSWatch(5594) : 30 
QThread(5594) : 6 
sshd(15118) : 1 
sshd(15191) : 19 
stapio(19021) : 16 
============================
^C
root@j9 ~#

7.19 調試內存泄漏以及內存重複釋放

probe begin {
    printf("=============begin============\n")
}

//記錄內存分配和釋放的計數關聯數組
global g_mem_ref_tbl
//記錄內存分配和釋放的調用堆棧關聯數組
global g_mem_bt_tbl

probe process("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6").function("__libc_malloc").return, process("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6").function("__libc_calloc").return {
    if (target() == pid()) {
        if (g_mem_ref_tbl[$return] == 0) {
            g_mem_ref_tbl[$return]++
            g_mem_bt_tbl[$return] = sprint_ubacktrace()
        }
    }
}

probe process("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6").function("__libc_free").call {
    if (target() == pid()) {
        g_mem_ref_tbl[$mem]--

        if (g_mem_ref_tbl[$mem] == 0) {
            if ($mem != 0) {
                //記錄上次釋放的調用堆棧
                g_mem_bt_tbl[$mem] = sprint_ubacktrace()
            }
        } else if (g_mem_ref_tbl[$mem] < 0 && $mem != 0) {
            //如果調用free已經失衡,那就出現了重複釋放內存的問題,這裏輸出當前調用堆棧,以及這個地址上次釋放的調用堆棧
            printf("MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM\n")
            printf("g_mem_ref_tbl[%p]: %d\n", $mem, g_mem_ref_tbl[$mem])
            print_ubacktrace()
            printf("last free backtrace:\n%s\n", g_mem_bt_tbl[$mem])
            printf("WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW\n")
        }
    }
}

probe end {
    //最後輸出產生泄漏的內存是在哪裏分配的
    printf("=============end============\n")
    foreach(mem in g_mem_ref_tbl) {
        if (g_mem_ref_tbl[mem] > 0) {
            printf("%s\n", g_mem_bt_tbl[mem])
        }
    }
}

詳細請看:http://blog.csdn.net/wangzuxi/article/details/44901285

7.20 嵌入C代碼

在進程fork出子進程時打印出進程id和進程名:

root@jusse ~/systemtap# cat copy_process.stp
function getprocname:string(task:long)
%{
    struct task_struct *task = (struct task_struct *)STAP_ARG_task;
    snprintf(STAP_RETVALUE, MAXSTRINGLEN, "pid: %d, comm: %s", task->pid, task->comm);
%}

function getprocid:long(task:long)
%{
    struct task_struct *task = (struct task_struct *)STAP_ARG_task;
    STAP_RETURN(task->pid);
%}

probe kernel.function("copy_process").return
{
    printf("copy_process return: %p, pid: %d, getprocname: %s, getprocid: %d\n", $return, $return->pid, getprocname($return), getprocid($return));
}
root@jusse ~/systemtap# stap -g copy_process.stp
copy_process return: 0xffff880039f61800, pid: 12212, getprocname: pid: 12212, comm: bash, getprocid: 12212
copy_process return: 0xffff880039f61800, pid: 12212, getprocname: pid: 12212, comm: bash, getprocid: 12212
copy_process return: 0xffff880039f63000, pid: 12213, getprocname: pid: 12213, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12213
copy_process return: 0xffff880039f63000, pid: 12213, getprocname: pid: 12213, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12213
copy_process return: 0xffff8800081a9800, pid: 12214, getprocname: pid: 12214, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12214
copy_process return: 0xffff8800081a9800, pid: 12214, getprocname: pid: 12214, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12214
copy_process return: 0xffff8800004d8000, pid: 12215, getprocname: pid: 12215, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12215
copy_process return: 0xffff8800004d8000, pid: 12215, getprocname: pid: 12215, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12215
copy_process return: 0xffff880000564800, pid: 12216, getprocname: pid: 12216, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12216
copy_process return: 0xffff880000564800, pid: 12216, getprocname: pid: 12216, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12216
copy_process return: 0xffff880000566000, pid: 12217, getprocname: pid: 12217, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12217
copy_process return: 0xffff880000566000, pid: 12217, getprocname: pid: 12217, comm: cc_epoll, getprocid: 12217

有三個需要注意的地方:
1)、SystemTap腳本里面嵌入C語言代碼要在每個大括號前加%前綴,是%{…… %} 而不是%{ …… }%;
2)、獲取腳本函數參數要用STAP_ARG_前綴;
3)、一般long等返回值用STAP_RETURN,而string類型返回值要用snprintf、strncat等方式把字符串複製到STAP_RETVALUE裏面。

7.21 調試內核模塊

這小節就不細講了,這篇博客 (http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-14528823-id-4726046.html) 寫得很詳細,這裏只copy兩個關鍵點過來記錄一下:
要調試自己的內核模塊,需要注意的有兩個關鍵點:
1)、使用SystemTap調試內核模塊,探測點的編寫格式示例爲:
module("ext3").function("ext3_*")
2)、需要將自己的模塊cp到/lib/modules/uname -r/extra目錄中,否則找不到符號,如果/lib/modules/uname -r/目錄下沒有extra這個目錄,自己mkdir一下就可以。

7.22 一些錯誤提示及解決辦法

錯誤提示1:

ERROR: MAXACTION exceeded near keyword at debug_connection.stp:86:9
ERROR: MAXACTION exceeded near operator '->' at debug_connection.stp:84:30

解決辦法:
加上stap參數:-DMAXACTION=102400,如果還報這種類型的錯誤,只需把102400調成更大的值即可。

錯誤提示2:

WARNING: Number of errors: 0, skipped probes: 82

解決辦法:
加上-DMAXSKIPPED=102400和-DSTP_NO_OVERLOAD參數

還有一些可以去掉限制的宏:

MAXSTRINGLEN:這個宏會影響sprintf的buffer大小,默認爲512字節。
MAXTRYLOCK:對全局變量進行try lock操作的次數,超過則次數還拿不到鎖則放棄和跳過該探測點,默認值爲1000.全局變量多的時候可以把這個宏開大一點。

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