Spring Native實戰(暢快體驗79毫秒啓動springboot應用)

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https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos

內容:所有原創文章分類彙總及配套源碼,涉及Java、Docker、Kubernetes、DevOPS等;

關於Spring Native

  • Spring官方博客於2021年03月11日宣佈Spring Native的beta版本發佈,藉助Spring Native可以將spring應用與GraalVM集成到<font color="blue">native image</font>中;

  • native image是GraalVM的一項技術,會將java應用的字節碼編譯成可執行文件,還會與JDK的本地庫做靜態鏈接,運行應用時無需Java虛擬機,自身已集成了內存管理,線程調度等能力,更多信息請參考:https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/

  • 本文以實戰爲主,因此不會用太多篇幅介紹Spring Native的理論和優勢,這裏簡單小結幾個重要特性:

  1. 應用啓動速度不超過100毫秒;
  2. 啓動即達到性能峯值(C1、C2等手段已經用不上了)
  3. 運行時更低的內存消耗;
  4. docker鏡像不含JDK(所需文件已經抽取出來放入鏡像),官方展示的含有Spring Boot, Spring MVC, Jackson, Tomcat的鏡像大小是50M;
  5. 爲了達到前面的效果,代價是構建時間更長;

Spring Native到底是什麼

個人的理解:Spring Native是Spring提供的、製作native image的技術方案,涉及到以下關鍵技術:

  1. Spring ahead-of-time (AOT) 插件,對spring應用做AOT處理,使得傳統虛擬機的class lazy loading在不復存在;
  2. spring-boot-maven-plugin插件在構建docker鏡像的時候,使用了名爲<font color="blue">dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</font>的鏡像作爲構建工具,這個工具負責將當前工程的構建結果和GraalVM集成在一起,最終制作成native image;

本篇概覽

作爲實戰風格的文章,本篇主要內容是開發springboot應用再構建爲native image,然後驗證其功能和效果,本文由以下內容構成:

  1. 環境信息
  2. 新建名爲spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程,對實戰用到的依賴庫、插件等做統一配置;
  3. 新建名爲webmvc的maven子工程,這是個springboot應用;
  4. 將webmvc構建爲native image,這是個docker鏡像;
  5. 在docker中啓動鏡像,驗證是否可用,並檢查相關相關指標;

環境信息

本次實戰相關的環境信息如下:

  1. 電腦:MacBook pro 13寸 2018
  2. 操作系統:macOS Big Sur 11.2.3
  3. IDE:IntelliJ IDEA 2018.3.5 (Ultimate Edition)
  4. docker:20.10.5
  5. JDK:1.8.0_211
  6. maven:3.6.0
  7. springboot:2.5.0-SNAPSHOT
  8. spring-aot-maven-plugin:0.10.0-SNAPSHOT

源碼下載

名稱 鏈接 備註
項目主頁 https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos 該項目在GitHub上的主頁
git倉庫地址(https) https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos.git 該項目源碼的倉庫地址,https協議
git倉庫地址(ssh) [email protected]:zq2599/blog_demos.git 該項目源碼的倉庫地址,ssh協議
  • 這個git項目中有多個文件夾,本次實戰的源碼在<font color="blue">spring-native-tutorials</font>文件夾下,如下圖紅框所示:

在這裏插入圖片描述

新建名爲spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程

  • 對Spring Native的學習不是寫出helloworld就完事,因此這裏先創建一個父工程,爲今後所有的應用提供統一的依賴庫、插件管理;

  • 新建名爲<font color="blue">spring-native-tutorials</font>的maven父工程,pom.xml內容如下,有幾處要注意的地方稍後提到:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <modules>
        <module>webmvc</module>
    </modules>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>

    <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <packaging>pom</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <!-- springboot生成jar文件的文件名後綴,用來避免Spring Boot repackaging和native-image-maven-plugin插件之間可能存在的衝突 -->
        <classifier/>

        <!-- 構建鏡像時的定製參數 -->
        <native.build.args/>

        <!-- 指定使用dmikusa/graalvm-tiny這個鏡像作爲構建工具,來構建鏡像 -->
        <builder>dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</builder>

        <!-- spring cloud版本 -->
        <spring-cloud.version>2020.0.2</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <!-- 插件管理 -->
    <pluginRepositories>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>spring-release</id>
            <name>Spring release</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </pluginRepository>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>spring-milestone</id>
            <name>Spring milestone</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </pluginRepository>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>spring-snapshot</id>
            <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </releases>
        </pluginRepository>
    </pluginRepositories>

    <!--倉庫管理-->
    <repositories>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-release</id>
            <name>Spring release</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-milestone</id>
            <name>Spring milestone</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-snapshot</id>
            <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </releases>
        </repository>
    </repositories>

    <!--依賴包版本管理-->
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
                <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <!--插件配置-->
    <build>
        <pluginManagement>
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <configuration>
                        <classifier>${classifier}</classifier>
                        <image>
                            <builder>${builder}</builder>
                            <env>
                                <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>true</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>
                                <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>${native.build.args}</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>
                            </env>
                            <!--執行構建任務的鏡像,如果在當前環境不存在纔會遠程下載-->
                            <pullPolicy>IF_NOT_PRESENT</pullPolicy>
                        </image>
                    </configuration>
                </plugin>

                <!-- aot插件,ahead-of-time transformations -->
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <id>test-generate</id>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>test-generate</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                        <execution>
                            <id>generate</id>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>generate</goal>
                            </goals>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </pluginManagement>
    </build>
</project>
  • 上述pom.xml有以下幾處需要注意:
  1. 插件倉庫、依賴庫倉庫、依賴庫版本的配置都集中在這裏;
  2. 配置好spring-aot-maven-plugin和spring-boot-maven-plugin這兩個插件,子工程會用到;
  3. spring-boot-maven-plugin插件製作docker鏡像的時候,又會用到<font color="blue">dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</font>鏡像,這纔是真正構建native image的工具;

新建springboot類型的maven子工程

  • 新建名爲<font colot="blue">webmvc</font>的子工程,pom.xml內容如下,可見內容很簡單,就是常規依賴庫和父工程配置的兩個插件,一個負責執行AOT,一個負責構建鏡像:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <artifactId>webmvc</artifactId>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
                    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
                    <artifactId>tomcat-embed-websocket</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.experimental</groupId>
            <artifactId>tomcat-embed-programmatic</artifactId>
            <version>${tomcat.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <removeSpelSupport>true</removeSpelSupport>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>
  • 代碼很簡單,一個普通的springboot應用,帶http接口:
package com.bolingcavalry.webmvc;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class WebmvcApplication {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(WebmvcApplication.class, args);
	}

	@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.ACCEPTED)
	@GetMapping("/status")
	public String status() {
		return "status";
	}

	@GetMapping("/")
	public String hello() {
		return "1. Hello from Spring MVC and Tomcat, " + LocalDateTime.now();
	}
}
  • 現在編碼已完成,來構建docker鏡像吧,進入父工程的pom.xml所在目錄,執行以下命令:
mvn clean -U -DskipTests spring-boot:build-image
  • 構建成功後輸出信息如下(篇幅所限僅截取最後一小段),耗時4分25秒,期間筆記本風扇狂轉:
...
[INFO] Successfully built image 'docker.io/library/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT'
[INFO] 
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Reactor Summary for spring-native-tutorials 1.0-SNAPSHOT:
[INFO] 
[INFO] spring-native-tutorials ............................ SUCCESS [  1.786 s]
[INFO] webmvc ............................................. SUCCESS [04:19 min]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  04:25 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2021-05-22T16:36:44+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[WARNING] The requested profile "nexus" could not be activated because it does not exist.
  • 執行<font color="blue">docker images</font>命令,如下圖,可見鏡像已經生成:

在這裏插入圖片描述

  • 查看鏡像構成,可見每個layer都不大,共計七十多M:
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker history webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
IMAGE          CREATED        CREATED BY   SIZE      COMMENT
b8ff54813ae0   41 years ago                69B
<missing>      41 years ago                452kB
<missing>      41 years ago                2.51MB
<missing>      41 years ago                57.2MB
<missing>      41 years ago                1.4MB
<missing>      41 years ago                268B
<missing>      41 years ago                17.3MB
  • 鏡像構建成功,可以驗證基本功能了;

驗證

  • 執行以下命令,創建一個臨時容器(控制檯結束後容器會被清理掉):
docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
  • 控制檯輸出如下,79毫秒啓動完成,真是一眨間的功夫:
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
2021-05-22 09:34:57.578  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.nativex.NativeListener               : This application is bootstrapped with code generated with Spring AOT

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::       (v2.5.0-SNAPSHOT)

2021-05-22 09:34:57.586  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication             : Starting WebmvcApplication using Java 1.8.0_292 on 3529ec458896 with PID 1 (/workspace/com.bolingcavalry.webmvc.WebmvcApplication started by cnb in /workspace)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.586  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication             : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-22 09:34:57.661  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternal
INFO: Starting service [Tomcat]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternal
INFO: Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.46]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
INFO: Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2021-05-22 09:34:57.669  INFO 1 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 79 ms
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start
INFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication             : Started WebmvcApplication in 0.178 seconds (JVM running for 0.19)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean      : Application availability state LivenessState changed to CORRECT
2021-05-22 09:34:57.714  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean      : Application availability state ReadinessState changed to ACCEPTING_TRAFFIC
  • 瀏覽器訪問本機8080端口,如下圖,應用基本功能正常:

在這裏插入圖片描述

  • 再看看資源使用情況,命令是<font color="blue">docker stats</font>,如下可見,內存僅用了30M:
CONTAINER ID   NAME               CPU %     MEM USAGE / LIMIT     MEM %     NET I/O           BLOCK I/O     PIDS
6ce6c66fb4de   jovial_hertz       0.11%     30.69MiB / 3.844GiB   0.78%     1.49kB / 158B     4.31MB / 0B   18
  • 我曾經在hub.docker.com上放了一個傳統springboot應用製作的鏡像<font color="blue">bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</font>,現在拿來和Spring Native鏡像對比一下,啓動信息如下,耗時2036毫秒:
(base) zhaoqindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -P docker.io/bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::        (v2.1.6.RELEASE)

2021-05-22 11:13:28.121  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication         : Starting HellojibApplication on ffb32e5b68b9 with PID 1 (/app/classes started by root in /)
2021-05-22 11:13:28.128  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication         : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-22 11:13:30.000  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2021-05-22 11:13:30.054  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService   : Starting service [Tomcat]
2021-05-22 11:13:30.054  INFO 1 --- [           main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine  : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.21]
2021-05-22 11:13:30.241  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2021-05-22 11:13:30.241  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader            : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 2036 ms
2021-05-22 11:13:30.715  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.s.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor  : Initializing ExecutorService 'applicationTaskExecutor'
2021-05-22 11:13:31.103  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-05-22 11:13:31.110  INFO 1 --- [           main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication         : Started HellojibApplication in 3.618 seconds (JVM running for 4.297)
2021-05-22 11:13:48.866  INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring DispatcherServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-22 11:13:48.866  INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : Initializing Servlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-22 11:13:48.880  INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : Completed initialization in 14 ms
  • 再用<font color="blue">docker stats</font>對比內存,傳統springboot應用的容器消耗了三百多兆內存:
CONTAINER ID   NAME               CPU %     MEM USAGE / LIMIT     MEM %     NET I/O           BLOCK I/O     PIDS
ffb32e5b68b9   eager_williamson   0.64%     356.3MiB / 3.844GiB   9.05%     3.46kB / 2.29kB   0B / 0B       31
6ce6c66fb4de   jovial_hertz       0.11%     30.69MiB / 3.844GiB   0.78%     1.49kB / 158B     4.31MB / 0B   18
  • 綜上所述,Spring Native帶來的優勢是很明顯的,不過<font color="blue">請注意</font>:2021年03月11日官方宣佈的Spring Native只是beta版本,<font color="red">請不要用於生產環境!!!</font>

下載插件失敗

在實際操作過程中,經常會遇到maven插件或者docker鏡像下載失敗的情況,除了多試幾次,您還可以考慮將項目放到github上去,藉助github action在雲端完成鏡像構建,具體操作請參考《用GitHub Actions製作Docker鏡像》

不用開發,直接體驗

  • 我已將鏡像上傳到hub.docker.com,完整名稱是<font color="blue">bolingcavalry/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT</font>,如果您只想體驗一下native image的效果可以直接下載該鏡像使用;

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