美國拉攏歐盟聯手遏制中國，歐盟：我們來談合作，你在跟我玩站隊？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國和歐盟召開會議，聯手遏制中國"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"9月29日，據路透社報道，美國和歐盟週三同意深化跨大西洋合作，以強化半導體供應鏈，遏制中國的非市場貿易行爲，並採取更統一的方式監管大型的、全球性科技企業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"來自兩大洲的高級內閣官員在啓動一個新論壇——美國-歐盟貿易和技術理事會（TTC）時，還承諾在甄別敏感的軍民兩用技術出口投資及"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247540927&idx=2&sn=4a1d65f98c140308e2a2afae714e534a&chksm=fbea9970cc9d106607f1e00694235fe21f828da11fb05e9cc244d15f2a5ee299f04ae1a872e2&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人工智能"}]},{"type":"text","text":"開發方面展開合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據悉，TTC第一次會議是在一個機器人和人工智能技術開發中心舉行，會議由美國國務卿Antony Blinken、商務部長Gina Raimondo、美國貿易代表Katherine Tai、歐盟貿易專員Valdis Dombrovskis和歐盟競爭事務專員Margrethe Vestager主持。會議目標包括促進美歐之間的創新與投資、強化供應鏈，並且避免不必要的貿易障礙。歐盟官方網站消息顯示，TTC 最初包括以下工作組："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"技術標準合作（包括人工智能和物聯網等新興技術）氣候和綠色科技包括半導體在內的供應鏈安全ICT安全和競爭力數據治理和技術平臺濫用技術威脅安全和人權出口管制投資篩選促進中小企業獲取和使用數字技術全球貿易挑戰。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國試圖拉攏歐盟與其在對華貿易問題上達成統一戰線，但這個聯盟組織內部各利益體間也存在諸多分歧。例如，法國對美國本月決定向澳大利亞提供核潛艇感到憤怒，美國的行爲導致了堪培拉方面取消了與法國價值400億美元的潛艇合同，這幾乎導致了這次會議的流產。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管如此，但此次會議美國與歐盟也達成了一些共識。美國和歐盟政府支持一項加強半導體供應鏈的聯合聲明，這份聲明最初重點是緩解短期供應瓶頸，並明確未來長期供應鏈也將十分脆弱等問題。聲明中提出，“要從研究、設計到製造方面強化我們國內的半導體生態系統，以提高供應鏈的韌性。”這個聯盟還表示，他們將努力避免補貼競爭行爲，以吸引芯片投資和尋求正確的激勵措施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此次會議中沒有提到中國，但表示：“我們將團結一致，繼續保護我們的企業、消費者和工人免受不公平貿易行爲的傷害，尤其是那些破壞世界貿易體系的非市場經濟體帶來的傷害。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但據CNBC報道，新成立的貿易和技術委員會是拜登政府利用美國和歐洲的聯合經濟實力以更好地與中國競爭的最新舉措。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拜登政府保留了美國前總統特朗普徵收的關稅，但與特朗普政府不同的是，拜登當局在對華政策上尋求與盟友更多的合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"該聲明沒有具體說明第二次TTC會議的時間框架，但歐盟官員表示，這可能會在2022年春天在歐洲舉行。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"貿易戰中沒有贏家"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在經歷了突如起來的疫情後，各國的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247540551&idx=1&sn=4617c7b7ea7ba1ffb2c467bfd1fe4921&chksm=fbeae688cc9d6f9ef808845fedd25a3cb0f98094addd5f162a083b990484c0ecf22923cc670d&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"貿易"}]},{"type":"text","text":"都受到了很大的影響。加之進出口關稅限制、實名制裁等貿易壁壘，讓各企業主體的生存環境越發艱難。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自2017 年 4 月 時任美國總統的特朗普要求，美國商務部對進口鋼鐵產品啓動 232 調查以來，中美貿易開始進入寒冬。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2017 年 4 月 27 日，應美國總統要求，美國商務部對進口鋁產品啓動 232 調查。2018 後 4 月 5 日，中國就美國進口鋼鐵和鋁產品 232 措施，正式啓動爭端解決程序。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中美雙方第一回合的“過招”結果是：美國對中國進口鋼鐵和鋁分別徵收 25% 和 10% 的關稅（表示不針對特定國家，但是豁免了歐盟、澳大利亞、加拿大、墨西哥、韓國等經濟體），中國回擊以鮮水果、乾果等 7 類、約價值 30 億美元的 128 個稅項產品。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2018年3 月 22 日，美國貿易代表處宣佈將對中國 1300 類產品徵收貿易關稅，在 15 天內將公佈建議加徵關稅的產品清單；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3 月 23 日，美國總統特朗普在白宮正式簽署對華貿易備忘錄，宣佈將有可能對從中國進口的 600 億美元商品加徵關稅，並限制中國企業對美投資併購；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4 月 3 日，美國貿易代表辦公室（USTR）根據“301 調查”公佈了擬加徵關稅的中國商品清單，涉及每年從中國進口的價值約 500 億美元約 1300 種商品，主要針對航空航天、信息和通信技術、機器人、醫藥和機械等行業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4月 4 日，經國務院批准，國務院關稅稅則委員會決定對原產於美國的大豆、汽車、化工品等 14 類 106 項商品加徵 25% 的關稅（500 億美元）。實施日期將視美國政府對我商品加徵關稅實施情況，由國務院關稅稅則委員會另行公佈。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"......"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"縱觀歷史上的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247489991&idx=1&sn=77cb189444e56d370fea45ee9465d8ce&chksm=fbe9a008cc9e291ebdb176aeb237f184e5035eb2d07b922409baabb1fff737ccee8dfd4122c2&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"貿易戰"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，結果從來都是兩敗俱傷。儘管如此，美國在對華貿易問題上態度仍然堅決，顯而易見，歐美這場會議的主要針對者仍然是中國。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近些年來，中國一些科技企業躋身全球巨頭行列。這讓美國擔心北京很快將在部分特定的敏感技術領域獲取主導地位，並以此作爲一種戰略優勢。一些觀察家由此認爲，美中之間已經進入\"新冷戰\"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是歐盟官員則不厭其煩地強調，新的歐美聯盟應該重在彼此合作，而不是針對某一特定國家。歐盟迄今爲止對中國採取相對不那麼具有對抗性的政策路線。原因之一是，27個成員國中的部分國家與中國擁有密切的經貿關係，在如何應對中國的問題上也有不少分歧。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/us-eu-launch-consultations-tech-regulations-trade-china-2021-09-29\/"}]}]}