技術大牛撿塊石頭造CPU，聲稱99秒就能解決全球芯片短缺問題

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一顆小石子也能造出集成電路芯片？"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"技術大牛用石子從零開始造 CPU"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近日，YouTube 上一段"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vuvckBQ1bME&t=3s","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從零開始造 CPU 的視頻"}]},{"type":"text","text":"走紅。博主名叫 Robert Elder，來自加拿大，擅長軟件諮詢與開發，目前成立了自己的軟件公司。在視頻中，Elder 展示了他從零開始造 CPU 的全部過程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"具體來說，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.robertelder.org\/how-to-make-a-cpu\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"整個過程"}]},{"type":"text","text":"總共分爲 19 步："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1.找到一塊石頭。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/23\/46\/2336c912bc46310031b8b7fc252c0d46.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2.把石頭砸碎，獲得 98% 的濃縮二氧化硅。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3.將其純化爲 99.9% 純二氧化硅。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/c7\/82\/c71538e54b763622ea1f996a30545c82.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/3e\/0f\/3e71315866d5970e446bda41523fd80f.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4.進一步提純至 99.9999999% 的多晶硅金屬。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"5.將多晶硅錠放入坩堝中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/75\/4d\/7526d09e6e43d05565efa08cb68aec4d.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6.將硅錠加熱至 1698 °K（約 1424.85℃）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/2a\/52\/2ab132abe2d297362ff27a9c40757f52.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7.加入結晶種料。取一小塊單晶硅作爲結晶種料浸入熔融硅的大桶中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"8.待晶體冷卻後慢慢將其拉出，獲得純硅單晶。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/93\/78\/935b2a9052d510491180548013db6c78.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"9.把純硅單晶切成薄片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/91\/d5\/912fb8d0351679a1187bc28393d7ded5.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/2a\/a0\/2ab48403d4822f147ee83793e2e38ca0.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"10.用硼、磷或其他摻雜劑摻雜晶片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"11.在晶圓上塗上光刻膠。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/3b\/07\/3b492d87b48ef34e638548726yy45e07.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"12.取一個帶有所需電路圖案的鉻蝕刻光刻石英掩模，並用激光束照射它以將電路圖案投影到晶片上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/fc\/e8\/fc439132dcdf877ef078162bce4b16e8.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"13.曝光顯影。光罩產生的陰影位置將控制光刻膠在硅片表面發生化學變化的位置（取決於您使用的是正性還是負性光刻膠）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"14.顯影光刻膠。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/7f\/9d\/7f7445c2137e4f29dfcc6887d8b0069d.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"15.腐蝕晶片的暴露部分。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/c6\/2f\/c65619cc98823e164ef1d0301b340e2f.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"16.執行無數次同質外延、異質外延、僞外延、擴散摻雜、銅互連層、化學機械拋光、光刻膠應用、酸蝕刻和光掩模曝光的迭代和重複，以在晶片上建立所需的特徵。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/e6\/72\/e633dd7c07d8c67392402a9fb21c4772.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"17.芯片切割，獲得未封裝的硅芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/d5\/ce\/d5c3c9aa438d043155239ae59ca116ce.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/e8\/e7\/e80c0e4b6cf3e555956f8ff8c2a0aae7.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"18.找到硅芯片上的焊盤，並連接鍵合線，或者像現在大多數現代處理器那樣使用倒裝芯片方法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/1a\/9c\/1a3e482661c29dcfa4617d7e1fb27b9c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"19.芯片封裝。使用焊線或焊球在芯片封裝上的引腳和硅片上的焊盤之間提供電氣連接。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/95\/03\/9532be8a96580318ba267c82f2539303.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/de\/32\/de7222f271b04742e9414566d5e50332.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以上就是製作 CPU 的完整步驟。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過 Elder 表示，現代 CPU 的製造過程遠比他所描述的更復雜，也更不明確，每一代新一代芯片通常都會改變在晶圓上構建特徵的方式（不僅僅是在特徵尺寸方面）。他在製作 CPU 的過程中也省略了很多重要的步驟和細節，比如光阻劑和顯影液精確的的化學成分\/濃度、在晶圓上構建特徵的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同時，Elder 還提醒大家，他在視頻中使用的“光刻膠”和“顯影劑”只是彩色道具，真的化學品相當危險，只能在通風良好的區域或通風櫥中，並且使用適當的安全裝置，才能使用它們。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Elder 表示，雖然業餘愛好者不太可能自己造出尖端的納米級芯片，但微米級的還是可行的。並且 YouTube 上另一博主 Sam Zeloof 確實試過。“如果你的光學系統正確的話，我認爲你甚至可以用比他少得多的設備來製造一些基本的芯片”，Elder 在視頻中提到。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sam Zeloof 此前曾自制兩代芯片"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Elder 提到的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/EW61LLHE45X12pFl6SZz","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sam Zeloof "}]},{"type":"text","text":"堪稱天才少年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2018 年，高三的 Sam Zeloof 在車庫裏製造了自己的第一代 Z1 芯片，該芯片只包含 6 個晶體管，屬於一塊純粹的製程與設備測試芯片。今年大四的他，在掌握了更多芯片知識與工藝技能之後，做出了更進一步的嘗試。這一次的 Z2 計劃在 10 微米多晶硅柵極製程上容納 100 個晶體管，這樣的晶體管密度設計與英特爾推出的第一款處理器完全相同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這塊芯片包含一個簡單的 10 x 10 晶體管陣列，用於測試、表徵及調整製程，也作爲邁向更先進 DIY 計算機芯片的重要一步。當初的英特爾 4004 包含 2200 個晶體管，而 Sam Zeloof 現在已經能夠在同一塊芯片上佈設 1200 個晶體管。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這塊芯片很小，大約是上一塊芯片面積（2.4 平方毫米）的四分之一，所以檢測工作很難進行。而每塊芯片上都有一個簡單的 10 x 10 N 溝槽 FET 陣列，可以爲 Sam Zeloof 提供大量特性數據。因爲設計非常簡單，所以 Sam Zeloof 直接用 Photoshop 就完成了佈局設置。每列 10 個晶體管共享一個公共柵極連接，每行與相信的晶體管串聯在一起，共享同一源極 \/ 漏極端子。整個結構類似於 NAND 冷豔，但他這麼設計只是爲了讓金屬焊盤能足夠大，降低探測難度。換句話說，如果每個 FET 都對應 3 個焊盤，那尺寸就太小了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下圖所示，爲一個 10 微米 NMOS 晶體管，金屬層上有輕微的未對準痕跡（左側有一部分觸點未能覆蓋）。紅線部分爲多晶硅，藍色則是源 \/ 漏柵極。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/f0\/f0fb7709bb297d9ffdb2f3282f2b8482.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"單 NMOS 晶體管","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/e7\/e7ada5a28a1a32c00efdc7d9d4536076.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"單 NMOS 晶體管","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到這裏，Sam Zeloof 已經制作出一款運算放大器（Z1）與一個類似於內存的陣列（Z2）。儘管晶體管密度極低，但整個項目仍然非常有趣。具體制程還需要一點調整，但現在已經能夠以穩定的方式製造高質量晶體管，接下來也應該可以設計出更復雜的數字與模擬電路。每個芯片的測試工作非常乏味，所以 Sam Zeloof 還打算自動化完成測試流程，並在成功後發佈更多數據。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sam Zeloof 已經制作了 15 個芯片（共 1500 個晶體管），而且其中至少有一個芯片實現了“功能完備”，至少兩個芯片能實現“基本功能”—— 即至少約 80% 的晶體管能夠正常工作。但目前 Z2 的產量數據還不樂觀，最常見的缺陷出現在源或漏柵極同主體硅溝槽之間的短路上。順帶一提，Z1 的主要缺陷集中在柵極漏電或短路上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有關 Z2 的“先柵極” 工藝可以閱讀 Sam Zeloof 的博客：http:\/\/sam.zeloof.xyz\/"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 Sam Zeloof 的博客中寫道：整個製程工藝還有不少改進的空間，特別是應該與 CMOS 相兼容；但目前的方案至少簡化了製造流程，也把必要工具控制在最低限度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在理想情況下，1 微米厚的介電層（橙色）應該使用 CVD SiO2（可以在家中加工的 TEOS 氧化物），但我實際使用的是光刻膠。大多數光刻膠能夠在 250°C 左右的烘烤下形成堅硬的永久介電層，可以直接替代 CVD 或 PECVD 氧化物。當然，這裏也可以使用旋製氧化硅 \/ 溶膠凝膠。SiO2 蝕刻則是在由除鏽劑或 RIE 製成的緩衝 HF 溶液中完成的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下面就是拼合之後的晶片整體圖了："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/09\/0940b0d7ba4554729ffe3cf194663d93.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然還和先進的現代技術生產出來的芯片存在一定差距，但 Robert Elder 和 Sam Zeloof 向我們證明了，普通人也有徒手造芯片的可能。在芯片短缺的當下，如果有更多像他們一樣充滿創造力、想象力和動手能力，或許芯片危機也將迎來改變。"}]}]}