1. 準備
原數據庫的實例名爲linuxdb，控制文件、數據文件、聯機日誌文件存放在/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/linuxdb目錄，將所有的文件拷貝到另外一個目錄/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest。
再將linuxdb 的初始化文件也複製一份出來，執行如下的sql：
Create pfile='/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/pfiledbtest.ora' from spfile='/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/spfilelinuxdb.ora';
我們將修改實例名爲dbtest。
下面我們開始一步一步地進行處理。
2. 加載初始化文件
打開pfiledbtest.ora文件，修改對應的dump屬性的路徑名，實例名字，控制文件路徑等。
然後執行如下命令:
[oracle@localhost oracle]$ export ORACLE_SID=dbtest
[oracle@localhost oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Aug 17 16:57:36 2009
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup pfile='/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/pfiledbtest.ora' nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
SQL>
這樣加載初始化文件就成功了。
下面接着進行，加載控制文件。
3. 加載控制文件
先執行如下命令。
SQL> alter database mount;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00205: error in identifying controlfile, check alert log for more info
好像是控制文件的路徑不對，修改初始文件再次加載。
SQL> alter database mount;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01103: database name 'LINUXDB' in controlfile is not 'DBTEST'
根據錯誤信息提示，是實例名字不一致，但是控制文件是二進制的，用vi打開之後沒法編輯，只能通過用重建控制文件可以解決。
在/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest目錄下刪除老的三個控制文件。然後開始重建控制文件。
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE "DBTEST" RESETLOGS FORCE LOGGING NOARCHIVELOG
2 MAXLOGFILES 16
3 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
4 MAXDATAFILES 100
5 MAXINSTANCES 8
6 MAXLOGHISTORY 292
7 LOGFILE
8 GROUP 1 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo01.log' SIZE 50M,
9 GROUP 2 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo02.log' SIZE 50M,
10 GROUP 3 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo03.log' SIZE 50M
11 DATAFILE
12 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/cwmlite01.dbf',
13 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/devbase_20090408.dbf',
14 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/drsys01.dbf',
15 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/example01.dbf',
16 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/indx01.dbf',
17 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/odm01.dbf',
18 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/system01.dbf',
19 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/tools01.dbf',
20 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/undotbs01.dbf',
21 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/users01.dbf',
22 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/xdb01.dbf'
23 CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK;
CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE "DBTEST" RESETLOGS FORCE LOGGING NOARCHIVELOG
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/orapw'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
根據錯誤提示，是缺少密碼驗證文件，用下面的命令創建密碼文件。
$cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
orapwd password=chenli file=orapwdbtest
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE 'dbtest' RESETLOGS FORCE LOGGING NOARCHIVELOG
2 MAXLOGFILES 16
3 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
4 MAXDATAFILES 100
5 MAXINSTANCES 8
6 MAXLOGHISTORY 292
7 LOGFILE
8 GROUP 1 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo01.log' SIZE 50M,
9 GROUP 2 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo02.log' SIZE 50M,
10 GROUP 3 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo03.log' SIZE 50M
11 DATAFILE
12 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/cwmlite01.dbf',
13 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/devbase_20090408.dbf',
14 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/drsys01.dbf',
15 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/example01.dbf',
16 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/indx01.dbf',
17 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/odm01.dbf',
18 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/system01.dbf',
19 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/tools01.dbf',
20 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/undotbs01.dbf',
21 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/users01.dbf',
22 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/xdb01.dbf'
23 CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK;
Control file created.
現在創建成功了。
創建控制文件成功了，下面重新啓動數據庫。
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> alter database open RESETLOGS;
Database altered.
查看錶中的記錄，正確的。
修改實例名成功。
4. 總結
由上面的操作可以看到，在數據庫維護中，最重要的是數據文件，初始化文件可以從別的實例拷貝過來，然後修改。控制文件可以重新創建，只要數據文件正確，就可以重建初始化文件和控制文件之後，恢復數據庫。
遇到的錯誤：
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-00200: controlfile could not be created
ORA-00202: controlfile: '/home/ora/ora9/oradata/dbtest/control01.ctl'
ORA-27040: skgfrcre: create error, unable to create file
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
請查看初始化文件中，控制文件的路徑是正確，控制文件的路徑上的目錄是否有權限創建文件，如果這些問題都解決了，那麼應該能成功創建控制文件。