19.1 簡介
19.1.1 什麼是Tcl,Tk和Tkinter?
19.1.2 安裝和使用Tkinter
# apt-get install python-tk -y
# python
-------------------------------
Python 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2012, 21:51:14)
[GCC 4.7.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import Tkinter
>>>
--------------------------------
19.2 Tkinter與Python編程
19.2.1 Tkinter模塊:把Tk引入您的程序
1.導入Tkinter模塊(import Tkinter,或者,from Tkinter import *)
2.創建一個頂層窗口對象,來容納您的整個GUI程序
3.在您頂層窗口對象上或其中創建所有的GUI模塊(以及功能)
4.把這些GUI模塊與地層程序代碼相連接
5.進入主事件循環
第一步很明顯,所有使用Tkinter的GUI程序必須先導入Tkinter模塊,第一步就是爲
了獲得Tkinter的訪問權
19.2.2 GUI程序開發簡介
19.2.3 頂層窗口:Tkinter.Tk()
>>> import Tkinter
>>> top = Tkinter.Tk()
19.2.4 Tk組件
例,標籤組件演示(tkhello1.py)
# vi tkhello1.py
----------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
import Tkinter
top = Tkinter.Tk()
label = Tkinter.Label(top, text = 'Hello World!')
label.pack()
Tkinter.mainloop()
----------------------------
19.3 Tkiner 舉例
19.3.1 標籤組件
19.3.2 按鈕組件
例,按鈕組件演示
# vi tkhello2.py
------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
import Tkinter
top = Tkinter.Tk()
quit = Tkinter.Button(top, text = 'Hello World!', command = top.quit)
quit.pack()
Tkinter.mainloop()
------------------------------
19.3.3 標籤和按鈕組件
例,標籤和按鈕組件演示
# vi tkhello3.py
------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
import Tkinter
top = Tkinter.Tk()
hello = Tkinter.Label(top, text='Hello World!')
hello.pack()
quit = Tkinter.Button(top, text='QUIT',
command=top.quit, bg='red',fg='white')
quit.pack(fill=Tkinter.X, expand=1)
Tkinter.mainloop()
------------------------------
19.3.4 標籤,按鈕和進度條組件
例,標籤,按鈕和進度條組件演示
我們最後一個組件例子介紹進度條組件,重點放在組件間通過回調函數的交互[諸
如resize()],您對進度條組件的動作將影響標籤組件上的文字
# vi tkhello4.py
------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
from Tkinter import *
def resize(ev=None):
label.config(font='Helvetica -%d bold' % \
scale.get())
top = Tk()
top.geometry('250x150')
label = Label(top, text='Hello World!',
font='Helvetica -12 bold')
label.pack(fill=Y, expand=1)
scale = Scale(top, from_=10, to=40,
orient=HORIZONTAL, command=resize)
scale.set(12)
scale.pack(fill=X, expand=1)
quit = Button(top, text='QUIT',
command=top.quit, activeforeground='white',
activebackground='red')
quit.pack()
mainloop()
------------------------------------
19.3.5 偏函數應用舉例
例,運用PFA的路燈指示牌GUI程序
# vi pfaGUI2.py
--------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
from functools import partial as pto
from Tkinter import Tk, Button, X
from tkMessageBox import showinfo, showwarning, showerror
WARN = 'warn'
CRIT = 'crit'
REGU = 'regu'
SIGNS = {
'do not enter': CRIT,
'railroad crossing': WARN,
'55\nspeed limit': REGU,
'wrong way': CRIT,
'merging traffic': WARN,
'one way': REGU,
}
critCB = lambda : showerror('Error', 'Error Button Pressed!')
warnCB = lambda : showwarning('Warning',
'Warning Button Pressed!')
infoCB = lambda : showinfo('Info', 'Info Button Pressed!')
top = Tk()
top.title('Road Signs')
Button(top, text='QUIT', command=top.quit,
bg='red', fg='white').pack()
MyButton = pto(Button, top)
CritButton = pto(MyButton, command=critCB, bg='white', fg='red')
WarnButton = pto(MyButton, command=warnCB, bg='goldenrod1')
ReguButton = pto(MyButton, command=infoCB, bg='white')
for eachSign in SIGNS:
signType = SIGNS[eachSign]
cmd = '%sButton(text=%r%s).pack(fill=X, expand=True)' % (
signType.title(), eachSign,
'.upper()' if signType == CRIT else '.title()')
eval(cmd)
top.mainloop()
--------------------------------------
19.3.6 中級Tkinter範例
例,文件遍歷系統(listdir.py)
這個稍高級一些的GUI程序擴大的組件的使用範圍,演員名單新增了列表框,文本框
,和滾動條,而且還有大量的回調函數,例如鼠標點擊,鍵盤輸入,和滾動條操作
# vi listdir.py
----------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
from time import sleep
from Tkinter import *
class DirList:
def __init__(self, initdir=None):
self.top = Tk()
self.label = Label(self.top, \
text='Directory Lister' + ' v1.1')
self.label.pack()
self.cwd=StringVar(self.top)
self.dirl = Label(self.top, fg='blue',
font=('Helvetica', 12, 'bold'))
self.dirl.pack()
self.dirfm = Frame(self.top)
self.dirsb = Scrollbar(self.dirfm)
self.dirsb.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y)
self.dirs = Listbox(self.dirfm, height=15, \
width=50, yscrollcommand=self.dirsb.set)
self.dirs.bind('<Double-1>', self.setdirandgo)
self.dirsb.config(command=self.dirs.yview)
self.dirs.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH)
self.dirfm.pack()
self.dirn = Entry(self.top, width=50, \
textvariable=self.cwd)
self.dirn.bind('<Return>', self.dols)
self.dirn.pack()
self.bfm = Frame(self.top)
self.clr = Button(self.bfm, text='Clear', \
command=self.clrdir, \
activeforeground='white', \
activebackground='blue')
self.ls = Button(self.bfm, \
text='List Directory', \
command=self.dols, \
activeforeground='white', \
activebackground='green')
self.quit = Button(self.bfm, text='Quit', \
command=self.top.quit, \
activeforeground='white', \
activebackground='red')
self.clr.pack(side=LEFT)
self.ls.pack(side=LEFT)
self.quit.pack(side=LEFT)
self.bfm.pack()
if initdir:
self.cwd.set(os.curdir)
self.dols()
def clrdir(self, ev=None):
self.cwd.set('')
def setdirandgo(self, ev=None):
self.last = self.cwd.get()
self.dirs.config(selectbackground='red')
check = self.dirs.get(self.dirs.curselection())
if not check:
check = os.curdir
self.cwd.set(check)
self.dols()
def dols(self, ev=None):
error = ''
tdir = self.cwd.get()
if not tdir: tdir = os.curdir
if not os.path.exists(tdir):
error = tdir + ': no such file'
elif not os.path.isdir(tdir):
error = tdir + ': not a directory'
if error:
self.cwd.set(error)
self.top.update()
sleep(2)
if not (hasattr(self, 'last') \
and self.last):
self.last = os.curdir
self.cwd.set(self.last)
self.dirs.config( \
selectbackground='LightSkyBlue')
self.top.update()
return
self.cwd.set( \
'FETCHING DIRECTORY CONTENTS...')
self.top.update()
dirlist = os.listdir(tdir)
dirlist.sort()
os.chdir(tdir)
self.dirl.config(text=os.getcwd())
self.dirs.delete(0, END)
self.dirs.insert(END, os.curdir)
self.dirs.insert(END, os.pardir)
for eachFile in dirlist:
self.dirs.insert(END, eachFile)
self.cwd.set(os.curdir)
self.dirs.config( \
selectbackground='LightSkyBlue')
def main():
d = DirList(os.curdir)
mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
----------------------------------------
19.4 其他GUI簡介
19.4.1 Tk interface eXtensions(Tix)
# apt-get install tix -y
# vi animalTix.pyw
-------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
from Tkinter import Label, Button, END
from Tix import Tk, Control, ComboBox
top = Tk()
top.tk.eval('package require Tix')
lb = Label(top,
text='Animals (in pairs; min: pair, max: dozen)')
lb.pack()
ct = Control(top, label='Number:',
integer=True, max=12, min=2, value=2, step=2)
ct.label.config(font='Helvetica -14 bold')
ct.pack()
cb = ComboBox(top, label='Type:', editable=True)
for animal in ('dog', 'cat', 'hamster', 'python'):
cb.insert(END, animal)
cb.pack()
qb = Button(top, text='QUIT',
command=top.quit, bg='red', fg='white')
qb.pack()
top.mainloop()
-------------------------------------------
19.4.2 Python MegaWidgets(PMW)
19.4.3 wxWidgets和wxPython
Pmw GUI程序演示
# apt-get install python-pmw -y
# vi animalPmw.pyw
----------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
from Tkinter import Button, END, Label, W
from Pmw import initialise, ComboBox, Counter
top = initialise()
lb = Label(top,
text='Animals (in pairs; min: pair, max: dozen)')
lb.pack()
ct = Counter(top, labelpos=W, label_text='Number:',
datatype='integer', entryfield_value=2,
increment=2, entryfield_validate={'validator':
'integer', 'min': 2, 'max': 12})
ct.pack()
cb = ComboBox(top, labelpos=W, label_text='Type:')
for animal in ('dog', 'cat', 'hamster', 'python'):
cb.insert(END, animal)
cb.pack()
qb = Button(top, text='QUIT',
command=top.quit, bg='red', fg='white')
qb.pack()
top.mainloop()
----------------------------------
wxPython GUI程序演示
# vi animalWx.pyw
-----------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
from Tkinter import Button, END, Label, W
from Pmw import initialise, ComboBox, Counter
top = initialise()
lb = Label(top,
text='Animals (in pairs; min: pair, max: dozen)')
lb.pack()
ct = Counter(top, labelpos=W, label_text='Number:',
datatype='integer', entryfield_value=2,
increment=2, entryfield_validate={'validator':
'integer', 'min': 2, 'max': 12})
ct.pack()
cb = ComboBox(top, labelpos=W, label_text='Type:')
for animal in ('dog', 'cat', 'hamster', 'python'):
cb.insert(END, animal)
cb.pack()
qb = Button(top, text='QUIT',
command=top.quit, bg='red', fg='white')
qb.pack()
top.mainloop()
-----------------------------------
19.4.4 GTK+ 和 PyGTK
PyGTk GUI 程序演示(animalGtk.pyw)
# vi animalGtk.pyw
--------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pygtk
pygtk.require('2.0')
import gtk
import pango
class GTKapp(object):
def __init__(self):
top = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL)
top.connect("delete_event", gtk.main_quit)
top.connect("destroy", gtk.main_quit)
box = gtk.VBox(False, 0)
lb = gtk.Label(
'Animals (in pairs; min: pair, max: dozen)')
box.pack_start(lb)
sb = gtk.HBox(False, 0)
adj = gtk.Adjustment(2, 2, 12, 2, 4, 0)
sl = gtk.Label('Number:')
sl.modify_font(
pango.FontDescription("Arial Bold 10"))
sb.pack_start(sl)
ct = gtk.SpinButton(adj, 0, 0)
sb.pack_start(ct)
box.pack_start(sb)
cb = gtk.HBox(False, 0)
c2 = gtk.Label('Type:')
cb.pack_start(c2)
ce = gtk.combo_box_entry_new_text()
for animal in ('dog', 'cat', 'hamster', 'python'):
ce.append_text(animal)
cb.pack_start(ce)
box.pack_start(cb)
qb = gtk.Button("")
red = gtk.gdk.color_parse('red')
sty = qb.get_style()
for st in (gtk.STATE_NORMAL,
gtk.STATE_PRELIGHT, gtk.STATE_ACTIVE):
sty.bg[st] = red
qb.set_style(sty)
ql = qb.child
ql.set_markup('<span color="white">QUIT</span>')
qb.connect_object("clicked",
gtk.Widget.destroy, top)
box.pack_start(qb)
top.add(box)
top.show_all()
if __name__ == '__main__':
animal = GTKapp()
gtk.main()
--------------------------------------
19.5 相關模塊和其他GUI
GUI 模塊或系統描述
TkinterTK INTERface: Python的默認GUI工具集
PmwPython MegaWidgets(Tkinter擴展)
TixTk Interface eXtension(Tk 擴展)
TkZinc(Zinc) Extended Tk Canvas type(Tk 擴展)
EasyGUI(easygui) 非常簡單的非事件驅動GUI(Tk 擴展)
TIDE+(IDE Studio) Tix集成開發環境
wxWidgets相關模塊
wxPython Python對wxWidgets的綁定,一個跨平臺的GUI框架庫(早期稱爲wxWindows)
Boa ConstructorPython集成開發環境兼wxPython GUI構造工具
PythonCard 基於wxPython的GUI桌面應用程序工具集
wxGlade 另一個wxPython GUI設計工具
商業軟件
win32ui Python版的Microsoft MFC
swing Python版的Sun Microsystems Java/swing(基於Jython)