生產環境MySQL 5.5.x單機多實例配置實踐

 

標籤：mysql 配置文件 單機 生產環境

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背景需求：
1)在一臺新採購的服務器上通過源碼編譯安裝一個版本爲5.5.x以上的MySQL數據庫，並將所有配置文件與數據等均存放在/opt/mysql，以便於今後實現快速遷移、複製和整體備份；
2)在同一個MySQL中運行兩個實例，一個綁定在端口3306，一個綁定在端口3307；綁定在3306端口的實例，不開啓binlog，數據存放在 /opt/mysql/data；綁定在3307端口的實例，開啓binlog，數據存放在/opt/mysql/data2；
3)兩個實例均採用InnoDB作爲默認的存儲引擎，字符編碼採用UTF-8；兩個實例均採用相同的性能優化配置參數，實現單機多實例的配置應用。

實施方案：
在編譯安裝時，將數據庫的配置文件my.cnf以及data目錄等均指向到/opt/mysql目錄；通過mysqld_multi的 方式來管理兩個不同的實例，採用相同的配置文件共享性能優化配置參數；在同一個配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]標籤實現不同實例 的差異化配置。

配置過程：
1、源碼編譯安裝MySQL
1)安裝所需系統軟件包
# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf bison libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers

2)安裝前的系統設置
# mkdir /opt/mysql  //mysql安裝目錄
# mkdir /opt/mysql/data  //mysql數據存放目錄
# groupadd mysql  //創建用戶
# useradd -g mysql mysql //創建用戶組
# chown mysql:mysql -R /opt/mysql/data //賦予數據存放目錄權限

3)安裝cmake
MySQL從5.5版本開始，通過./configure進行編譯配置方式已經被取消，取而代之的是cmake工具。因此，需要先在系統中源碼編譯安裝cmake。
# mkdir /home/tools
# cd /home/tools
# wget http://www.cmake.org/files/v2.8/cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz
# tar xf cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz
# cd cmake-2.8.4
# ./configure
# make;make install

4)開始編譯安裝MySQL
# wget http://downloads.mysql.com/archives/mysql-5.5/mysql-5.5.19.tar.gz
# tar xf mysql-5.5.19.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.5.19
# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/mysql \
-DSYSCONFDIR=/opt/mysql/etc \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/opt/mysql/data \
-DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock \
-DMYSQL_USER=mysql \
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_READLINE=1 \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
# make;make install

2、創建單機支持多實例
1)進入MySQL主目錄
# cd /opt/mysql/

2)刪除默認的data目錄
# rm -rf data

3)創建需要的目錄
# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2
# chown -R mysql:mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2

4)創建my.cnf配置文件
# vi etc/my.cnf

## This server may run 2+ separate instances 
## So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services 
[mysqld_multi] 
mysqld = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe 
mysqladmin = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin 
log = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log 
user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin 
#password =  

## This is the general purpose database 
## The locations are default 
# They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi 
[mysqld1] 
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock 
port = 3306 
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid 
datadir = /opt/mysql/data 
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english 
  
## These support master - master replication 
#auto-increment-increment = 4 
#auto-increment-offset = 1  ## Since it is master 1 
#log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1 
#log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index 
#binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave 
#max_binlog_size = 1024M 
  
## This is exlusively for mysqld2 
## It is on 3307 with data directory /opt/mysql/data2 
[mysqld2] 
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2 
port = 3307 
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2 
datadir = /opt/mysql/data2 
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english 
  
## Disable DNS lookups 
#skip-name-resolve 
  
## These support master - slave replication 
log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2 
log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index 
#binlog-do-db =  ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave 
max_binlog_size = 1024M 
  
## Relay log settings 
#relay-log = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2 
#relay-log-index = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index 
#relay-log-space-limit = 4G 
  
## Slow query log settings 
#log-slow-queries = /opt/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2 
#long_query_time = 2 
#log-queries-not-using-indexes 
   
## The rest of the my.cnf is shared 
## Here follows entries for some specific programs 
## The MySQL server 
[mysqld] 
basedir = /opt/mysql 
tmpdir = /opt/mysql/tmp 
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock 
port = 3306 
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid 
datadir = /opt/mysql/data 
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english 
 
skip-external-locking 
key_buffer_size = 16K 
max_allowed_packet = 1M 
table_open_cache = 4 
sort_buffer_size = 64K 
read_buffer_size = 256K 
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K 
net_buffer_length = 2K 
thread_stack = 128K 
  
## Increase the max connections 
max_connections = 200 
  
## The expiration time for logs, including binlogs 
expire_logs_days = 14 
  
## Set the character as utf8 
character-set-server = utf8 
collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci 
  
## This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication 
#log-slave-updates 
  
## Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts 
## but can cause higher I/O on the server 
#sync_binlog = 1 
  
## The server id, should be unique in same network 
server-id = 1 
 
## Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables
## This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly 
## in the CREATE TABLE statement 
default-storage-engine = INNODB 
  
## Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables 
#innodb_data_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data 
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend 
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data 
## You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % of RAM 
## but beware of setting memory usage too high 
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M 
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M 
## Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size 
innodb_log_file_size = 5M 
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M 
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50 
  
[mysqldump] 
quick 
max_allowed_packet = 16M 
  
[mysql] 
no-auto-rehash 
   
[myisamchk] 
key_buffer_size = 8M 
sort_buffer_size = 8M 
   
[mysqlhotcopy] 
interactive-timeout 
  
[mysql.server] 
user = mysql 
  
[mysqld_safe] 
log-error = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld.log 
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid 
open-files-limit = 8192 
  
[client] 
default-character-set = utf8

5)修改my.cnf讀寫權限，避免普通用戶獲取到MySQL密碼

# chown -R root:root /opt/mysql/etc

# chmod 600 /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

3、初始化數據庫
1)切換到mysql用戶，進入MySQL主目錄
# su - mysql 
# cd /opt/mysql/ 

2)初始化實例[mysqld1]和[mysqld2]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data/
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data2/

3)回到root，創建mysqld_multi.server腳本
# exit
# mkdir -p /opt/mysql/init.d
# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server /opt/mysql/init.d/
# vi /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server

#!/bin/sh
#
# A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen.
# This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or
# /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the
# mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions.
#
# This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server
#
# Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux
# chkconfig: 2345 64 36
# description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine.
#
# Version 1.0
#

basedir=/opt/mysql
bindir=/opt/mysql/bin

conf=/opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf
export PATH=$PATH:$bindir

if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi
then
  mysqld_multi="$bindir/mysqld_multi";
else
  echo "Can't execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir";
  exit;
fi

case "$1" in
    'start' )
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2
        ;;
    'stop' )
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2
        ;;
    'report' )
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2
        ;;
    'restart' )
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2
        "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2
        ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}" >&2
        ;;
esac

4、整體備份MySQL

# cd /opt/

# tar czvf mysql_5.5.19_full.tar.gz mysql5519/

備份完成後，直接將mysql_5.5.19_full.tar.gz拿到其他服務器上，解壓後便可以直接啓用。

5、管理MySQL實例
1)同時啓動實例 [mysqld1] 與 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2

2)查看兩個MySQL實例是否都已經成功啓動
# netstat -lntp | grep mysqld

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3306        0.0.0.0:*         LISTEN      28752/mysqld       
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3307        0.0.0.0:*         LISTEN      28756/mysqld

同時關閉實例 [mysqld1] 與 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2

僅啓動/關閉實例[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1

6、登陸MySQL實例
在啓動了實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]後，通過以下方式登陸不同的實例：

登陸[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -p

登陸[mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -p

7、其他初始化設置
1)爲MySQL的root帳戶設置初始密碼
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 password '123456'
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 password '123456'

2)修改my.cnf配置文件中MySQL的root賬戶密碼
# vim /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin 
password = 123456 

3)刪除匿名連接的空密碼帳號

分別登陸實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]，執行以下命令：

mysql> use mysql; //選擇系統數據庫mysql
Database changed
mysql> select Host,User,Password from user; //查看所有用戶
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| Host      | User | Password                                  |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| localhost | root | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 |
| mysql-01  | root |                                           |
| 127.0.0.1 | root |                                           |
| ::1       | root |                                           |
| localhost |      |                                           |
| mysql-01  |      |                                           |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from user where password=""; //刪除匿名連接的空密碼帳號
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;  //刷新權限
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select Host,User,Password from user; //確認密碼爲空的用戶是否已全部刪除
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| Host      | User | Password                                  |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| localhost | root | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit;

經驗總結：

1、採用源碼編譯安裝MySQL，可以方便我們自己組織所有MySQL相關文件的位置；同時經過源碼編譯安裝後的MySQL，可以直接複製到其它服務器上運行，大大方便了我們今後的遷移、備份和新服務器的配置；

2、本次方案僅僅實施了兩個實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]，實際上我們可以通過這樣的方式，拓展實現[mysqld3],[mysqld4],[mysqld5]...等更多的實例；

3、MySQL自帶了幾個不同的配置文件，放置在/opt/mysql/support-files目錄下，分別是my-huge.cnf,my- innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，通過名稱我們可以很直觀的 瞭解到他們是針對不同的服務器配置的；

4、在單機運行多實例的情況下，不要使用mysql -hlocalhost或直接忽略-h參數登陸服務器，因爲如果使用localhost或忽略-h參數，而不是指定127.0.0.1的話，即使選擇的端 口是3307，還是會登陸到3306實例中去，所以儘量避免這種混亂的產生，統一用127.0.0.1綁定端口或採用socket來登陸。