nginx簡介

Nginx是異步框架的網頁服務器，也可以用作反向代理、負載平衡器和HTTP緩存

模塊

核心模塊：core module
標準模塊：HTTP modules：Mail modules Stream modules：
其他模塊：第三方模塊

核心模塊

一、必備配置：

1.定義工作進程使用user和group。默認group，nginx會使用與user相同的組名。

Syntax: user user [group];
Default:    
user nobody nobody;
Context:    main

3.定義將存儲主進程的進程ID的文件

Syntax: pid file;
Default:    
pid logs/nginx.pid;
Context:    main

3.包含另一個文件或與指定掩碼匹配的文件到配置中

Syntax: include file | mask;
Default:    —
Context:    any

4.指明要裝載的動態模塊

Syntax: load_module file;
Default:    —
Context:    main
This directive appeared in version 1.9.11.

二、性能優化相關配置

1.定義工作進程的數量

Syntax: worker_processes number | auto;
Default:    
worker_processes 1;
Context:    main

2.綁定工作進程到指定的CPU

Syntax: worker_cpu_affinity cpumask ...;
worker_cpu_affinity auto [cpumask];
Default:    —
Context:    main

示例

0001:0號CPU
0010:1號CPU

worker_processes    4;
worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000;

自動綁定的CPU

worker_processes auto;
worker_cpu_affinity auto;

3.定義工作進程的調度優先級，就像使用nice命令一樣：負數表示更高的優先級。(-20~20)

Syntax: worker_priority number;
Default:    
worker_priority 0;
Context:    main

4.最大打開文件數。用於在不重新啓動主進程的情況下增加限制。

Syntax: worker_rlimit_nofile number;
Default:    —
Context:    main

三、調試、定位問題

1.nginx是否應該成爲守護進程

Syntax: daemon on | off;
Default:    
daemon on;
Context:    main

2.master、worker模型運行nginx

Syntax: master_process on | off;
Default:    
master_process on;
Context:    main

3.配置日誌第一個參數定義了存放日誌的文件。第二個參數定義日誌級別

Syntax: error_log file [level];
Default:    
error_log logs/error.log error;
Context:    main, http, mail, stream, server, location

HTTP模塊

一、HTTP服務器提供配置

Syntax: http { ... }
Default:    —
Context:    main

二、設置虛擬服務器的配置

Syntax: server { ... }
Default:    —
Context:    http

1.定義讀取客戶端請求頭部的超時。返回錯誤408

Syntax: client_header_timeout time;
Default:    
client_header_timeout 60s;
Context:    http, server

2.定義讀取客戶端請求正文的超時。返回錯誤408

Syntax: client_body_timeout time;
Default:    
client_body_timeout 60s;
Context:    http, server, location

3.設置向客戶端傳輸響應的超時。返回錯誤408

Syntax: send_timeout time;
Default:    
send_timeout 60s;
Context:    http, server, location

4.設置讀取客戶端請求標頭的緩衝區大小。

Syntax: client_header_buffer_size size;
Default:    
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
Context:    http, server

5.設置用於讀取大型客戶端請求標頭的緩衝區的最大數量和大小

Syntax: large_client_header_buffers number size;
Default:    
large_client_header_buffers 4 8k;
Context:    http, server

6.設置用於從磁盤讀取響應的緩衝區的數量和大小

Syntax: output_buffers number size;
Default:    
output_buffers 2 32k;
Context:    http, server, location

7.客戶端的數據將被推遲發送，直到nginx需要發送的數據至少有1460字節

Syntax: postpone_output size;
Default:    
postpone_output 1460;
Context:    http, server, location

8.啓用或禁用sendfile功能

Syntax: sendfile on | off;
Default:    
sendfile off;
Context:    http, server, location, if in location

9.啓用或禁用TCP_NOPUSH套接字功能

Syntax: tcp_nopush on | off;
Default:    
tcp_nopush off;
Context:    http, server, location

10.啓用或禁用TCP_NODELAY套接字功能

Syntax: tcp_nodelay on | off;
Default:    
tcp_nodelay on;
Context:    http, server, location

11.將嘗試最小化向客戶端發送數據的次數,第二個參數爲可選項，設置“Keep-Alive: timeout=time”響應頭的值

Syntax: send_lowat size;
Default:    
send_lowat 0;
Context:    http, server, location

12.客戶端的長連接在服務器端保持的最長時間

Syntax: keepalive_timeout timeout [header_timeout];
Default:    
keepalive_timeout 75s;
Context:    http, server, location

13.設置監聽IP的地址和端口

Syntax: listen address[:port] [default_server] [ssl] [http2 | spdy] [proxy_protocol] [setfib=number] [fastopen=number] [backlog=number] [rcvbuf=size] [sndbuf=size] [accept_filter=filter] [deferred] [bind] [ipv6only=on|off] [reuseport] [so_keepalive=on|off|[keepidle]:[keepintvl]:[keepcnt]];
listen port [default_server] [ssl] [http2 | spdy] [proxy_protocol] [setfib=number] [fastopen=number] [backlog=number] [rcvbuf=size] [sndbuf=size] [accept_filter=filter] [deferred] [bind] [ipv6only=on|off] [reuseport] [so_keepalive=on|off|[keepidle]:[keepintvl]:[keepcnt]];
listen unix:path [default_server] [ssl] [http2 | spdy] [proxy_protocol] [backlog=number] [rcvbuf=size] [sndbuf=size] [accept_filter=filter] [deferred] [bind] [so_keepalive=on|off|[keepidle]:[keepintvl]:[keepcnt]];
Default:    
listen *:80 | *:8000;
Context:    server

14.設置請求的根目錄

Syntax: root path;
Default:    
root html;
Context:    http, server, location, if in location

15.根據請求URI設置配置

Syntax: location [ = | ~ | ~* | ^~ ] uri { ... }
location @name { ... }
Default:    —
Context:    server, location

一個server可配置多個location
匹配優先級：=, ^~, ～，～*，不帶符號

=：對URI做精確匹配
~：對URI做正則表達式模式匹配，區分字符大小寫
*~：對URI做正則表達式模式匹配，不區分字符大小寫
^~：對URI的左半部分做匹配檢查，不區分字符大小寫
不帶符號：匹配起始於此uri的所有的url
示例**
請求“/”匹配配置A，請求“/index.html”匹配配置B，請求“/documents/document.html”匹配配置C，請求“/images/1.gif”匹配配置D，請求“/documents/1.jpg”匹配配置E

location = / {
    [ configuration A ]
}
location / {
    [ configuration B ]
}
location /documents/ {
    [ configuration C ]
}
location ^~ /images/ {
    [ configuration D ]
}
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {
    [ configuration E ]
}

15.定義路徑別名

Syntax: alias path;
Default:    —
Context:    location

root:給定的路徑對應於location中的/uri/左側的/；
alias:給定的路徑對應於location中的/uri/右側的/；

16.定義錯誤顯示的URL

Syntax: error_page code ... [=[response]] uri;
Default:    —
Context:    http, server, location, if in location

17.按指定順序檢查文件是否存在

Syntax: try_files file ... uri;
try_files file ... =code;
Default:    —
Context:    server, location

定義客戶端請求的相關配置

18.客戶端的長連接在服務器端保持的最長時間

Syntax: keepalive_timeout timeout [header_timeout];
Default:    
keepalive_timeout 75s;
Context:    http, server, location

19.在一次長連接上所允許請求的資源的最大數量，默認爲100;

Syntax: keepalive_requests number;
Default:    
keepalive_requests 100;
Context:    http, server, location

20.禁用某種瀏覽器長連接；

Syntax: keepalive_disable none | browser ...;
Default:    
keepalive_disable msie6;
Context:    http, server, location

21.向客戶端發送響應報文的超時時長，此處，是指兩次寫操作之間的間隔時長；

Syntax: send_timeout time;
Default:    
send_timeout 60s;
Context:    http, server, location

22.用於接收客戶端請求報文的body部分的緩衝區大小；默認爲16k；超出此大小時，其將被暫存到磁盤上的由client_body_temp_path指令所定義的位置；

Syntax: client_body_buffer_size size;
Default:    
client_body_buffer_size 8k|16k;
Context:    http, server, location

23.設定用於存儲客戶端請求報文的body部分的臨時存儲路徑及子目錄結構和數量；

Syntax: client_body_temp_path path [level1 [level2 [level3]]];
Default:    
client_body_temp_path client_body_temp;
Context:    http, server, location

對客戶端進行限制的相關配置

24限制向客戶端傳送響應的速率限制，單位是bytes/second，0表示無限制；

Syntax: limit_rate rate;
Default:    
limit_rate 0;
Context:    http, server, location, if in location

25.允許按請求的HTTP方法限制對某路徑的請求

Syntax: limit_except method ... { ... }
Default:    —
Context:    location

示例

limit_except GET {
    allow 192.168.1.0/32;
    deny  all;
}

文件操作優化的配置

26.是否開啓aio功能

Syntax: aio on | off | threads[=pool];
Default:    
aio off;
Context:    http, server, location
This directive appeared in version 0.8.11.

27.當讀入長度大於等於指定size的文件時,是否開啓DirectIO功能

Syntax: directio size | off;
Default:    
directio off;
Context:    http, server, location
This directive appeared in version 0.7.7.

28.用於配置文件緩存

Syntax: open_file_cache off;
open_file_cache max=N [inactive=time];
Default:    
open_file_cache off;
Context:    http, server, location

緩存以下三種信息：
打開文件描述符，它們的大小和修改時間;
關於目錄存在的信息;
文件查找錯誤，例如“找不到文件”，“沒有讀取權限”等。
max=N：可緩存的緩存項上限；達到上限後會使用LRU算法實現緩存管理；
inactive=time：緩存項的非活動時長，如果在此期間未訪問該元素，則從該緩存中刪除該元素

29.緩存項有效性的檢查頻率；默認爲60s;

Syntax: open_file_cache_valid time;
Default:    
open_file_cache_valid 60s;
Context:    http, server, location

30.設置open_file_cache指令的inactive參數指定的時長內

Syntax: open_file_cache_min_uses number;
Default:    
open_file_cache_min_uses 1;
Context:    http, server, location

31.是否緩存查找時發生錯誤的文件一類的信息；

Syntax: open_file_cache_errors on | off;
Default:    
open_file_cache_errors off;
Context:    http, server, location

三、nginx官網配置示例

http {

    include       conf/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format main      '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
                         '"$request" $status $bytes_sent '
                         '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                         '"$gzip_ratio"';

    log_format download  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
                         '"$request" $status $bytes_sent '
                         '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                         '"$http_range" "$sent_http_content_range"';

    client_header_timeout  3m;
    client_body_timeout    3m;
    send_timeout           3m;

    client_header_buffer_size    1k;
    large_client_header_buffers  4 4k;

    gzip on;
    gzip_min_length  1100;
    gzip_buffers     4 8k;
    gzip_types       text/plain;

    output_buffers   1 32k;
    postpone_output  1460;

    sendfile         on;
    tcp_nopush       on;
    tcp_nodelay      on;
    send_lowat       12000;

    keepalive_timeout  75 20;

    #lingering_time     30;
    #lingering_timeout  10;
    #reset_timedout_connection  on;

    server {
        listen        one.example.com;
        server_name   one.example.com  www.one.example.com;

        access_log   /var/log/nginx.access_log  main;

        location / {
            proxy_pass         http://127.0.0.1/;
            proxy_redirect     off;

            proxy_set_header   Host             $host;
            proxy_set_header   X-Real-IP        $remote_addr;
            #proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-For  $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

            client_max_body_size       10m;
            client_body_buffer_size    128k;

            client_body_temp_path      /var/nginx/client_body_temp;

            proxy_connect_timeout      70;
            proxy_send_timeout         90;
            proxy_read_timeout         90;
            proxy_send_lowat           12000;

            proxy_buffer_size          4k;
            proxy_buffers              4 32k;
            proxy_busy_buffers_size    64k;
            proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;

            proxy_temp_path            /var/nginx/proxy_temp;

            charset  koi8-r;
        }

nginx模塊使用詳解

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