ThreadLocal詳解

ThreadLocal詳解


ThreadLocal平常用的還是挺多的,但是對於內部實現一直沒有仔細瞭解過,這幾天在寫一個工程的時候,用到了ThreadLocal保存上下文,突然想到了ThreadLocal一些實現細節上的問題,看了下,同時以此記錄一下,原本想到直接就寫ThreadLocal,但是看了ThreadLocal源碼發現有很多地方需要單獨說下,比如ThreadLocal的尋址方式,ThreadLocal內存泄露等等,而關於尋址方式,ThreadLocal的尋址方式爲開放尋址法,和HashMap的數組加鏈表方式並不相同,而對於解決hash碰撞衝突,有好多種解決方法,因此對於尋址方式,單獨寫一篇文章用以記載,現在就把剩下的詳細講講,此處並不限於只講源碼,還有用途,設計等等。

源碼詳解


首先寫個最簡單的用法,如下:

private static ThreadLocal<Context> ctxMap;

    static {
        ctxMap = new ThreadLocal<>();
    }

    public static void set(Context ctx) {
        ctxMap.set(ctx);
    }

    public static Context get() {
        return ctxMap.get();
    }

寫了一段樣例,最簡單的實例化ThreadLocal對象,同時實現get、set方法,現在就從實例化ThreadLocal開始,進ThreadLocal看看。

/**
     * Creates a thread local variable.
     * @see #withInitial(java.util.function.Supplier)
     */
    public ThreadLocal() {
    }

是一個空的構造方法,這裏一般都是適用於在請求初始時就需要對當前上下文進行set操作,要不然後面get操作很有可能就會出現空指針的情況,所以一般使用方法爲在初始化時進行init操作,如下:

ctxMap = new ThreadLocal<Object>() {
            @Override
            protected Object initialValue() {
                return new Object();
            }
        }

這樣可以保證即使是沒有set的情況下,也能拿到特定特徵數據,從而進行其他邏輯操作。

接下來我們看ThreadLocal中的set方法源碼。

/**
     * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
     * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
     * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
     * method to set the values of thread-locals.
     *
     * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
     *        this thread-local.
     */
    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }

set中的操作比較簡單,獲取當前線程,根據當前線程獲取ThreadLocalMap對象,然後當前ThreadLocalMap對象如果存在則保存value,如果不存在則創建ThreadLocalMap對象,簡單的看下getMap方法。

/**
     * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param  t the current thread
     * @return the map
     */
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }

就是返回當前線程的threadLocals對象,這裏不做深究,後面還會再講,接着繼續看之前的代碼,看set中的createMap操作,如下:

/**
     * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param t the current thread
     * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
     */
    void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
        t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
    }

和預料的差不多,就是給當前threadLocals對象進行實例化操作,這裏我們不妨看下ThreadLocalMap的結構,直接進入ThreadLocalMap的構造方法。

/**
         * Construct a new map initially containing (firstKey, firstValue).
         * ThreadLocalMaps are constructed lazily, so we only create
         * one when we have at least one entry to put in it.
         */
        ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
            table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
            int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
            table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
            size = 1;
            setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }

這裏操作沒有太多可以講述的,就是實例化, table數組大小爲16,同時設置閾值。

我們回到map的set操作,進入set方法源碼。

/**
         * Set the value associated with key.
         *
         * @param key the thread local object
         * @param value the value to be set
         */
        private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {

            // We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
            // least as common to use set() to create new entries as
            // it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
            // path would fail more often than not.

            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);

            for (Entry e = tab[i];
                 e != null;
                 e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();

                if (k == key) {
                    e.value = value;
                    return;
                }

                if (k == null) {
                    replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
                    return;
                }
            }

            tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
            int sz = ++size;
            if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
                rehash();
        }

根據key算出i座標值後,然後獲取當前索引下是否有值,如果當前槽點有值,並且當前槽點下key和當前傳入的key相同,則直接進行value替換,如果當前槽點key爲null,但是存在值,則進行槽點值替換操作,這個就是替換內存泄露的數據,這個需要講述的比較多,分爲兩篇,這個在後面單獨講述,這裏還是講get、set、remove等操作的源碼。

上述三種情況,一種是當該槽點的key就是當前要保存的key時,直接進行value替換。另外一種是如果value不爲空,但是key爲空,則進行替換,這個在下一篇中單獨講,第三種情況就是該節點不爲空,此時就使用了線性探測法向下尋找下一個可用節點,此時如果尋找到一個可用節點,則進行新Entry插入操作,此時並且檢測當前佔滿槽點已經超過閾值,則進行擴容操作,可以進入rehash方法看看擴容如何實現。

/**
         * Re-pack and/or re-size the table. First scan the entire
         * table removing stale entries. If this doesn't sufficiently
         * shrink the size of the table, double the table size.
         */
        private void rehash() {
            expungeStaleEntries();

            // Use lower threshold for doubling to avoid hysteresis
            if (size >= threshold - threshold / 4)
                resize();
        }

這裏將expungeStaleEntries()方法放到下一節中再進行講述,直說resize方法。這裏當使用節點數大於當前總數的3/4時,便進行擴容操作,這裏3/4容量就是一個經驗值,在前人經過反覆試驗以後,發現使用容量在3/4時擴容碰撞次數較少。

這裏進入resize()方法。

/**
         * Double the capacity of the table.
         */
        private void resize() {
            Entry[] oldTab = table;
            int oldLen = oldTab.length;
            int newLen = oldLen * 2;
            Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];
            int count = 0;

            for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) {
                Entry e = oldTab[j];
                if (e != null) {
                    ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
                    if (k == null) {
                        e.value = null; // Help the GC
                    } else {
                        int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);
                        while (newTab[h] != null)
                            h = nextIndex(h, newLen);
                        newTab[h] = e;
                        count++;
                    }
                }
            }

            setThreshold(newLen);
            size = count;
            table = newTab;
        }

resize方法倒是挺簡單,就是新建table,容量爲當前的2倍,然後進行kv的替換。

現在回頭看看get方法和remove方法,get方法如下:

/**
     * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
     * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
     * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
     * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
     *
     * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
     */
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

get操作比較簡單,就是從當前map中取出當前key對應的value即可,估計revome操作也是類似,一起來看下。

/**
     * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
     * variable.  If this thread-local variable is subsequently
     * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
     * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
     * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
     * in the interim.  This may result in multiple invocations of the
     * {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
     public void remove() {
         ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
         if (m != null)
             m.remove(this);
     }

操作還是比較簡單,就是獲取map,然後remove當前對象。

ThreadLocal這些方法還是比較簡單,但是這裏得單獨講講ThreadLocal處理髒key的辦法,這個放在下一節來講。

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