Git進階（二）
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概述：
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Git 分支
1.分支命名法則及常用命令
master（主幹分支） 是指向指定分支的最近一次提交；
dev 是指向dev分支的最近一次提交；
不管有多少分支，活動分支只能有一個；
head 一定是指向某個分支的，head表示 映射了當前工作目錄當中所反映的最近一次提交；即 head始終指向活動分支的最近一次提交；
★分支命名法則
可以使用"/"，但不能使用"/"結尾；
不能以 "-" 開頭；
以位於 "/" 後面的組件，不能以 "." 開頭；
不能使用連續的 "...";
不能使用空白字符" "；
不能使用"^","~","?","*","[" 等符號
必須唯一，分支的名字始終指向目標分支的最近一次提交；
★git branch :列出，創建及刪除分支
git branch BRANCH_NAME [START_COMMIT]
git branch -d BRANCH_NAME 刪除分支
★git show-branch：查看分支及其相關的提交
★git checkout
git checkout <branch> 檢出分支
演示1：git 創建分支
[root@node1 test]# ls first.sh INSTALL readmin subdir [root@node1 test]# git branch --list * master # 帶"*"表示當前分支 [root@node1 test]# git log commit 3c0b6864718ec8f8aebb5b66fbfd65b757504169 (HEAD -> master) Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Mon Aug 19 23:06:00 2019 +0800 v0.0.2 commit b0e9cc432d3adb683963686a2eec197129ef48b8 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Tue Jul 16 23:26:38 2019 +0800 v0.0.1 [root@node1 test]# git status On branch master Changes to be committed: (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) new file: first.sh Untracked files: (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) readmin [root@node1 test]# git commit -m 'v1.0' [master 13051f2] v1.0 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) create mode 100644 first.sh [root@node1 test]# git status On branch master Untracked files: (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) readmin nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track) [root@node1 test]# git ls-files -s 100644 b6a56662e48ee60ef2d65fd2b00dd555e758b7fa 0 INSTALL 100644 1809e7ac283fd186a50d97b1462d2d27396f9b42 0 first.sh 100644 a4ec1ecd97368714ba8b5c8d002b1a24647bb7ec 0 subdir/1.txt [root@node1 test]# git add readmin [root@node1 test]# git ls-files -s 100644 b6a56662e48ee60ef2d65fd2b00dd555e758b7fa 0 INSTALL 100644 1809e7ac283fd186a50d97b1462d2d27396f9b42 0 first.sh 100644 8bf9463e75dfb20077fafb8358ee3cb471dd7900 0 readmin 100644 a4ec1ecd97368714ba8b5c8d002b1a24647bb7ec 0 subdir/1.txt [root@node1 test]# git commit -m 'v1.1' [master e522483] v1.1 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 readmin [root@node1 test]# git log commit e522483313931f3dbc914ff6e132f5cd205f7d62 (HEAD -> master) Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Wed Aug 21 22:48:52 2019 +0800 v1.1 commit 13051f2788b17981a72f641e6b30bc8bea0f2e38 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Wed Aug 21 22:46:23 2019 +0800 v1.0 commit 3c0b6864718ec8f8aebb5b66fbfd65b757504169 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Mon Aug 19 23:06:00 2019 +0800 v0.0.2 commit b0e9cc432d3adb683963686a2eec197129ef48b8 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Tue Jul 16 23:26:38 2019 +0800 v0.0.1 [root@node1 test]# git branch * master # 指明1.0版本創建分支 [root@node1 test]# git branch dev 13051f [root@node1 test]# git branch dev * master [root@node1 test]# git branch bug/first [root@node1 test]# git branch bug/first dev * master
演示2：git show-branch 查看分支
# git show-branch 查看具體的分支信息 [root@node1 test]# git show-branch ! [bug/first] v1.1 ! [dev] v1.0 * [master] v1.1 --- + * [bug/first] v1.1 ++* [dev] v1.0 [root@node1 test]# git show-branch dev [dev] v1.0 [root@node1 test]# [root@node1 test]# git show-branch bug/first [bug/first] v1.1
演示3：git checkout BRANCH_NAME 切換分支
[root@node1 taotao]# git checkout dev #切換分支 Switched to branch 'dev' [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git branch --list bug/first * dev master [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch ! [bug/first] v1.1 * [dev] v1.0 ! [master] v1.1 --- + + [bug/first] v1.1 +*+ [dev] v1.0 [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git log commit 5d4298d6fdcbb6276e69f002e7148210124e52d9 (HEAD -> dev) Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Wed Oct 9 22:04:34 2019 +0800 v1.0 commit b9182448b3e9503ce5fd09edb5b378f612209d01 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Wed Oct 9 21:05:05 2019 +0800 v0.0.2 commit 1b5d8e0fea57e85045c8d98f12e379fdc73138bc Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Tue Oct 8 21:24:06 2019 +0800 v0.0.1 ############################# [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch dev Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: first.sh no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") [root@node1 taotao]# git add first.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git commit -m "v1.1-dev" [dev 587719d] v1.1-dev 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) [root@node1 taotao]# git log commit 587719dd3920429904c2b2a24637f20ecd20c4e0 (HEAD -> dev) Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Fri Oct 11 22:34:41 2019 +0800 v1.1-dev commit 5d4298d6fdcbb6276e69f002e7148210124e52d9 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Wed Oct 9 22:04:34 2019 +0800 v1.0 commit b9182448b3e9503ce5fd09edb5b378f612209d01 Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Wed Oct 9 21:05:05 2019 +0800 v0.0.2 commit 1b5d8e0fea57e85045c8d98f12e379fdc73138bc Author: watao <[email protected]> Date: Tue Oct 8 21:24:06 2019 +0800 v0.0.1 [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" # 切回主分支，再次查看first.sh，發現還是原來的，因爲master分支並沒有提交新的操作 [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" # 不被追蹤的文件在所有分支上都可以看見 [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout dev Switched to branch 'dev' [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# vim second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# cat second.sh #!/bin/bash echo "second.sh" [root@node1 taotao]# ls first.sh INSTALL second.sh subdir [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# ls first.sh INSTALL readmin second.sh subdir [root@node1 taotao]# cat second.sh #!/bin/bash echo "second.sh" # 添加到索引發現在所有分支上依然可以看見 [root@node1 taotao]# git add second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch master Changes to be committed: (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) new file: second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout dev A second.sh Switched to branch 'dev' [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch dev Changes to be committed: (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) new file: second.sh #在dev分支上提交 [root@node1 taotao]# git commit -m "v1.1.1-dev" [dev 21a0411] v1.1.1-dev 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) create mode 100644 second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch dev nothing to commit, working tree clean #再次切回master分支，發現second.sh 已經沒有了 [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' [root@node1 taotao]# ls first.sh INSTALL readmin subdir [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean #在主分支創建一個second文件,然後切回dev分支報錯，因爲和dev分支中已提交的second 發生衝突 [root@node1 taotao]# echo "#XIUXIU" > second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch master Untracked files: (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) second.sh nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
[root@node1 taotao]# git checkout dev error: The following untracked working tree files would be overwritten by checkout: second.sh Please move or remove them before you switch branches. Aborting [root@node1 taotao]# git add second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout dev error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by checkout: second.sh Please commit your changes or stash them before you switch branches. Aborting #刪除master主分支的second後，順利切換到dev分支 [root@node1 taotao]# git rm -f second.sh rm 'second.sh' [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout dev Switched to branch 'dev' [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch dev nothing to commit, working tree clean [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch ! [bug/first] v1.1 * [dev] v1.1.1-dev ! [master] v1.1 --- * [dev] v1.1.1-dev * [dev^] v1.1-dev + + [bug/first] v1.1 +*+ [dev~2] v1.0 [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch --more=10 ! [bug/first] v1.1 * [dev] v1.1.1-dev ! [master] v1.1 --- * [dev] v1.1.1-dev * [dev^] v1.1-dev + + [bug/first] v1.1 +*+ [dev~2] v1.0 +*+ [dev~3] v0.0.2 +*+ [dev~4] v0.0.1 演示4：git checkout -d BRANCH_NAME 刪除分支 [root@node1 taotao]# git branch -d bug/first Deleted branch bug/first (was 5685269). [root@node1 taotao]# git branch --list dev * master
1.合併分支
★相關概念
合併基礎：要合併的分支的最近一次的共同提交；
我們的版本：當前分支的最近一次提交；
他們的版本：要合並進來的分支的最近一次提交；
☉無衝突合併：
git checkout master; 檢出到主分支
git status 檢查是否有未提交的信息
git merge BRANCH_NAME 從他們的版本合併到我們的版本
git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit 以圖形的方式查看
演示1：無衝突的合併
[root@node1 taotao]# git branch --list dev * master [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git merge dev Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. first.sh | 1 + second.sh | 2 ++ 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+) create mode 100644 second.sh [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch ! [dev] v1.1.1-dev * [master] Merge branch 'dev' -- - [master] Merge branch 'dev' +* [dev] v1.1.1-dev [root@node1 taotao]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit * 43d8e9a (HEAD -> master) Merge branch 'dev' |\ | * 21a0411 (dev) v1.1.1-dev | * 587719d v1.1-dev * | 5685269 v1.1 |/ * 5d4298d v1.0 * b918244 v0.0.2 * 1b5d8e0 v0.0.1
演示2：有衝突的合併
[root@node1 taotao]# echo "taotaohuihui" > my.txt [root@node1 taotao]# git add my.txt [root@node1 taotao]# git commit -m "v2.0" [master 1df3da7] v2.0 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 my.txt [root@node1 taotao]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit * 1df3da7 (HEAD -> master) v2.0 # 新創建的提交 * 43d8e9a Merge branch 'dev' |\ | * 21a0411 (dev) v1.1.1-dev | * 587719d v1.1-dev * | 5685269 v1.1 |/ * 5d4298d v1.0 * b918244 v0.0.2 * 1b5d8e0 v0.0.1 [root@node1 taotao]# git branch dev fatal: A branch named 'dev' already exists. #dev分支存在不能創建相同的，實際上可以刪除了，因爲已經合併到master分支上去了 [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git branch fotfix # 在master 2.0 的基礎上常見fotfix分支 [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch ! [dev] v1.1.1-dev ! [fotfix] v2.0 * [master] v2.0 --- +* [fotfix] v2.0 -- [fotfix^] Merge branch 'dev' ++* [dev] v1.1.1-dev [root@node1 taotao]# echo "third line" >> first.sh # 修改master分支的內容 [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" third line [root@node1 taotao]# git add first.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git commit -m "v2.1" [master 697a6c5] v2.1 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch ! [dev] v1.1.1-dev ! [fotfix] v2.0 * [master] v2.1 --- * [master] v2.1 +* [fotfix] v2.0 -- [fotfix^] Merge branch 'dev' ++* [dev] v1.1.1-dev [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout fotfix #切換到fotfix分支 Switched to branch 'fotfix' [root@node1 taotao]# ls first.sh INSTALL my.txt readmin second.sh subdir [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# echo "new line" >> first.sh # 編輯first文件並提交 [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" new line [root@node1 taotao]# git add first.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git commit -m "v2.0-1" [fotfix 26b42ef] v2.0-1 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) [root@node1 taotao]# git show-branch ! [dev] v1.1.1-dev * [fotfix] v2.0-1 ! [master] v2.1 --- * [fotfix] v2.0-1 + [master] v2.1 *+ [fotfix^] v2.0 -- [fotfix~2] Merge branch 'dev' +*+ [dev] v1.1.1-dev # 切回主分支，然後合併 fotfix分支，發現報錯，即內容發生衝突。需手動修復衝突後再合併 [root@node1 taotao]# git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git merge fotfix Auto-merging first.sh CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in first.sh Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. 不能合併成功的文件，發現三個版本中 first.sh 內容各不相同 [root@node1 taotao]# git ls-files INSTALL first.sh first.sh first.sh my.txt readmin second.sh subdir/1.txt [root@node1 taotao]# [root@node1 taotao]# git ls-files --unmerged 100644 816a1b1e686cf6adb716b10e1a9eed870b2f18fa 1first.sh # "1" 表示合併基礎 100644 3adec3b3bf2616c52eaba36bd8af2e79e9ef6495 2first.sh # "2" 表示我們的版本 100644 e45ccd5a231f9debdd84ffd621cdc3acfc8d15f1 3first.sh # "3" 表示他們的版本 [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" <<<<<<< HEAD third line ======= new line >>>>>>> fotfix [root@node1 taotao]# git diff diff --cc first.sh index 3adec3b,e45ccd5..0000000 --- a/first.sh +++ b/first.sh @@@ -1,4 -1,4 +1,8 @@@ #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" ++<<<<<<< HEAD "<<<<"或">>>>>"爲三方提交符號 +third line #爲主分支最近一次提交的內容 ++======= + new line ++>>>>>>> fotfix #爲其他版本最近一次提交的內容 #直接在衝突文件的基礎上修改即可，如想要都保留的話就把"三方提交符號"給刪除 [root@node1 taotao]# vim first.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git diff diff --cc first.sh index 3adec3b,e45ccd5..0000000 --- a/first.sh +++ b/first.sh @@@ -1,4 -1,4 +1,5 @@@ #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" +third line + new line [root@node1 taotao]# cat first.sh #!/bin/bash echo "hello world" echo "new date" third line new line #修改好之後重新添加到索引並提交 [root@node1 taotao]# git add first.sh [root@node1 taotao]# git commit #出現內容提示，保存即可 [master dd73764] Merge branch 'fotfix' [root@node1 taotao]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit * dd73764 (HEAD -> master) Merge branch 'fotfix' |\ | * 26b42ef (fotfix) v2.0-1 * | 697a6c5 v2.1 |/ * 1df3da7 v2.0 * 43d8e9a Merge branch 'dev' |\ | * 21a0411 (dev) v1.1.1-dev | * 587719d v1.1-dev * | 5685269 v1.1 |/ * 5d4298d v1.0 * b918244 v0.0.2 * 1b5d8e0 v0.0.1