sudoers文件解釋
Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
the root user, without needing the root password.
##該文件允許特定用戶像root用戶一樣使用各種各樣的命令，而不需要root用戶的密碼
Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
users or groups.
在文件的底部提供了很多相關命令的示例以供選擇，這些示例都可以被特定用戶或
## 用戶組所使用
This file must be edited with the ‘visudo’ command.
該文件必須使用"visudo"命令編輯
Host Aliases
#主機別名
Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhap using
wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
對於一組服務器，你可能會更喜歡使用主機名（可能是全域名的通配符）
或IP地址代替，這時可以配置主機別名
Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
User Aliases
#用戶別名
These aren’t often necessary, as you can use regular groups
(ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
rather than USERALIAS
這並不很常用，因爲你可以通過使用組來代替一組用戶的別名
User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
Command Aliases
These are groups of related commands…
指定一系列相互關聯的命令（當然可以是一個）的別名，通過賦予該別名sudo權限，
可以通過sudo調用所有別名包含的命令，下面是一些示例
Networking
#網絡操作相關命令別名
Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient,
/usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig,
/sbin/mii-tool
Installation and management of software
#軟件安裝管理相關命令別名
Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
Services
#服務相關命令別名
Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig
Updating the locate database
#本地數據庫升級命令別名
Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/sbin/updatedb
Storage
#磁盤操作相關命令別名
Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount
Delegating permissions
#代理權限相關命令別名
Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp
Processes
#進程相關命令別名
Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall
Drivers
#驅動命令別名
Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
#環境變量的相關配置
Defaults specification
Disable "ssh hostname sudo ", because it will show the password in clear.
# You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo ".
Defaults requiretty
Defaults env_reset
Defaults env_keep = “COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR
LS_COLORS MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME
LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION
LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC
LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS
_XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY”
Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
systems).
下面是規則配置：什麼用戶在哪臺服務器上可以執行哪些命令（sudoers文件可以在多個系統上共享）
Syntax:
##語法
## user MACHINE=COMMANDS
## 用戶 登錄的主機=（可以變換的身份） 可以執行的命令
The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
命令部分可以附帶一些其它的選項
Allow root to run any commands anywhere
允許root用戶執行任意路徑下的任意命令
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
Allows members of the ‘sys’ group to run networking, software,
service management apps and more.
%sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS
允許sys中戶組中的用戶使用NETWORKING等所有別名中配置的命令
Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
允許wheel用戶組中的用戶執行所有命令
Same thing without a password
允許wheel用戶組中的用戶在不輸入該用戶的密碼的情況下使用所有命令
%wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
cdrom as root
允許users用戶組中的用戶像root用戶一樣使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
%users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
%users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
允許users用戶組中的用戶像root用戶一樣使用shutdown命令
實際案例演示
實例1：讓普通用戶fieldyang具有/etc/init.d/nagios腳本重啓的權限，可以在/etc/sudoers添加如下設置：
[root@test ~]# visudo
fieldyang ALL=NOPASSWD:/etc/init.d/nagios restart
實例2：讓普通用戶fieldyang具有所有超級用戶的權限而又不用輸入密碼
[root@test ~]# visudo
fieldyang ALL=（ALL)NOPASSWD:ALL
[fieldyang@test ~]#sudo su -
[fieldyang@test ~]#pwd
/root
實例3：針對MySQL數據庫的設置，讓test組中的test用戶具備/etc/init.d/mysqld的權限
######################## mysql ################
1.
[root@test ~]# groupadd test
[root@test ~]# useradd -g test -m -d /home/test -s /bin/bash test
[root@test ~]# passwd test
2.
[root@test ~]# visudo
test ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /etc/init.d/mysqld
test ALL=(ALL) /etc/init.d/mysqld
3. start/stop mysql
3.1) start mysql
login test
[root@test ~]# su test
[test@test ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/mysqld start
3.2) stop mysql
login test
[root@test ~]# su test
[test@test ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/mysqld stop
實例4：針對tomcat的設置，讓test組中的test用戶具備tomcat操作的權限
######################## tomcat ################
1.
[root@test ~]# groupadd test
[root@test ~]# useradd -g test -m -d /home/test -s /bin/bash test
[root@test ~]# passwd test
2.
[root@test ~]# visudo
# test ALL=(ALL) /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh,/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
test ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh,/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
3.
[root@test ~]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh
### JDK
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export JRE_HOME=KaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '#' at position 90: …t
[root@test ~]#̲ su test
[tes… sudo /usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
[test@test ~]$ ss -ntlup | grep java
[test@test ~]$ curl -I http://localhost:8080
4.2) stop tomcat
login test
[root@test ~]# su test
[test@test ~]$ sudo /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
