引言
由於HashMap相對來說複雜一些，所以從類的註釋開始。
基於哈希表的 Map 接口的實現。此實現提供所有可選的映射操作，並允許使用 null 值和 null 鍵。（除了非同步和允許使用 null 之外，HashMap 類與 Hashtable 大致相同。）此類不保證映射的順序，特別是它不保證該順序恆久不變。
/**
* Hash table based implementation of the <tt>Map</tt> interface. This
* implementation provides all of the optional map operations, and permits
* <tt>null</tt> values and the <tt>null</tt> key. (The <tt>HashMap</tt>
* class is roughly equivalent to <tt>Hashtable</tt>, except that it is
* unsynchronized and permits nulls.) This class makes no guarantees as to
* the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order
* will remain constant over time.
* /此實現假定哈希函數將元素適當地分佈在各桶之間，可爲基本操作（get 和 put）提供穩定的性能。迭代 collection 視圖所需的時間與 HashMap 實例的“容量”（桶的數量）及其大小（鍵-值映射關係數）成比例。所以，如果迭代性能很重要，則不要將初始容量設置得太高（或將加載因子設置得太低）。
/**
* <p>This implementation provides constant-time performance for the basic
* operations (<tt>get</tt> and <tt>put</tt>), assuming the hash function
* disperses the elements properly among the buckets. Iteration over
* collection views requires time proportional to the "capacity" of the
* <tt>HashMap</tt> instance (the number of buckets) plus its size (the number
* of key-value mappings). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial
* capacity too high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is
* important.
* /HashMap 的實例有兩個參數影響其性能：初始容量 和 加載因子。容量是哈希表中桶的數量，初始容量只是哈希表在創建時的容量。加載因子 是哈希表在其容量自動增加之前可以達到多滿的一種尺度。當哈希表中的條目數超出了加載因子與當前容量的乘積時，則要對該哈希表進行 rehash 操作（即重建內部數據結構），從而哈希表將具有大約兩倍的桶數。
/**
* <p>An instance of <tt>HashMap</tt> has two parameters that affect its
* performance: <i>initial capacity</i> and <i>load factor</i>. The
* <i>capacity</i> is the number of buckets in the hash table, and the initial
* capacity is simply the capacity at the time the hash table is created. The
* <i>load factor</i> is a measure of how full the hash table is allowed to
* get before its capacity is automatically increased. When the number of
* entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the
* current capacity, the hash table is <i>rehashed</i> (that is, internal data
* structures are rebuilt) so that the hash table has approximately twice the
* number of buckets.
* /在通常情況下，默認的加載因子（0.75）是對時間和空間的一種很好的權衡。加載因子的值越高，空間的利用率越高，但是包括 get 和 set 在內的絕大多操作時間將會變慢。在設置初始容量時應該考慮到映射中所需的條目數及其加載因子，以便最大限度地減少 rehash 操作次數。如果初始容量大於最大條目數除以加載因子，則不會發生 rehash 操作。
注：這裏是提升HashMap效率的一個關鍵點。因爲每次進行rehash操作的時候，在擴充容量的同時，還會將存儲的元素進行重新放置（包括計算、複製移動），會花費大量的時間。所以儘量減少rehash操作將會提升效率。如果在預先知道存儲元素的數量的時候，初始容量滿足： “初始容量 * 加載因子 >= 存儲數量 ” ，將會極大提升效率。
/**
* <p>As a general rule, the default load factor (.75) offers a good tradeoff
* between time and space costs. Higher values decrease the space overhead
* but increase the lookup cost (reflected in most of the operations of the
* <tt>HashMap</tt> class, including <tt>get</tt> and <tt>put</tt>). The
* expected number of entries in the map and its load factor should be taken
* into account when setting its initial capacity, so as to minimize the
* number of rehash operations. If the initial capacity is greater
* than the maximum number of entries divided by the load factor, no
* rehash operations will ever occur.
* /如果很多映射關係要存儲在 HashMap 實例中，則相對於按需執行自動的 rehash 操作以增大表的容量來說，使用足夠大的初始容量創建它將使得映射關係能更有效地存儲。
/**
* <p>If many mappings are to be stored in a <tt>HashMap</tt> instance,
* creating it with a sufficiently large capacity will allow the mappings to
* be stored more efficiently than letting it perform automatic rehashing as
* needed to grow the table.
* /注意，此實現不是同步的。如果多個線程同時訪問一個哈希映射，而其中至少一個線程從結構上修改了該映射，則它必須保持外部同步。（結構上的修改是指添加或刪除一個或多個映射關係的任何操作；僅改變與實例已經包含的鍵關聯的值不是結構上的修改。）這一般通過對自然封裝該映射的對象進行同步操作來完成。
/**
* <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
* If multiple threads access a hash map concurrently, and at least one of
* the threads modifies the map structurally, it <i>must</i> be
* synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation
* that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value
* associated with a key that an instance already contains is not a
* structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by
* synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the map.
如果不存在這樣的對象，則應該使用 Collections.synchronizedMap 方法來“包裝”該映射。最好在創建時完成這一操作，以防止對映射進行意外的非同步訪問，如下所示：
Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(…));
/**
* If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the
* {@link Collections#synchronizedMap Collections.synchronizedMap}
* method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
* unsynchronized access to the map:<pre>
* Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...));</pre>
* /由所有此類的“collection 視圖方法”所返回的迭代器都是 fail-fast 的：在迭代器創建之後，如果從結構上對映射進行修改，除非通過迭代器本身的 remove 方法，其他任何時間任何方式的修改，迭代器都將拋出 ConcurrentModificationException。因此，面對併發的修改，迭代器很快就會完全失敗，而不冒在將來不確定的時間發生任意不確定行爲的風險。
/**
* <p>The iterators returned by all of this class's "collection view methods"
* are <i>fail-fast</i>: if the map is structurally modified at any time after
* the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own
* <tt>remove</tt> method, the iterator will throw a
* {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in the face of concurrent
* modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
* arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the
* future.
* /注意，迭代器的 fail-fast 行爲不能得到保證，一般來說，存在非同步的併發修改時，不可能作出任何堅決的保證。快速失敗迭代器盡最大努力拋出 ConcurrentModificationException。因此，編寫依賴於此異常的程序的做法是錯誤的，正確做法是：迭代器的 fail-fast 行爲應該僅用於檢測程序錯誤。
/**
* <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
* /