繼承

繼承(加上封裝和多形性)是面向對象的編程的三個主要特性(也稱爲“支柱”)之一。繼承用於創建可重用、擴展和修改在其他類中定義的行爲的新類。其成員被繼承的類稱爲“基類”,繼承這些成員的類稱爲“派生類”。派生類只能有一個直接基類。但是,繼承是可傳遞的。如果 ClassB 派生出 ClassC,ClassA 派生出 ClassB,則 ClassC 會繼承 ClassB 和 ClassA 中聲明的成員。

從概念上來說,派生類是基類的專用化。 例如,如果您有一個基類 Animal,則可以有一個名爲Mammal 的派生類和一個名爲Reptile 的派生類。Mammal 是一個AnimalReptile 也是一個Animal,但每個派生類均表示基類的不同專用化。

 

基類與派生類型理解:

如:A(1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9)//基類

        B(1、2、3、4、5)//派生類1

        C(5、6、7、8、9)//派生類2

        D(6、7、8、9、0、11、12、13)//派生類3

B、C、D都具有 A  的特徵。

繼承的傳遞:(還是以上面的來講)

B(1、2、3、4、5)//本是 A   的派生類;卻爲 E  的基類

E(1、3、5)// B 的派生類

因爲 E 爲 B 的派生類 ,B 爲 A    的派生類,所以 E 也爲 A   的派生類

 

定義一個類從其他類派生時,派生類隱式獲得基類的所有成員 ( 除 構造函數 析構函數 外)。因此,派生類可以重用基類中的代碼而無需重新實現這些代碼。可以在派生類中添加更多成員。派生類以這種方式擴展基類的功能。

下圖演示一個 WorkItem 類,該類表示某業務流程中的一個工作項。和所有的類一樣,該類派生自System.Object 並繼承其所有方法。WorkItem 添加了自己的五個成員。其中包括一個構造函數,因爲構造函數不能繼承。ChangeRequest 繼承自WorkItem 並表示特定種類的工作項。ChangeRequest 在它從WorkItemObject 繼承的成員中另外添加了兩個成員。它必須添加其自己的構造函數,還添加originalItemID利用屬性originalItemID,可將ChangeRequest 實例與更改請求將應用到的原始WorkItem 相關聯。

類繼承


類繼承

 

 下面的示例演示如何以 C# 表示上圖所示的類關係。 該示例還演示 WorkItem 如何重寫虛方法Object.ToString,以及ChangeRequest 類如何繼承該方法的WorkItem 實現。

 

// WorkItem implicitly inherits from the Object class.
public class WorkItem
{
    // Static field currentID stores the job ID of the last WorkItem that
    // has been created.
    private static int currentID;

    //Properties.
    protected int ID { get; set; }
    protected string Title { get; set; }
    protected string Description { get; set; }
    protected TimeSpan jobLength { get; set; }

    // Default constructor. If a derived class does not invoke a base-
    // class constructor explicitly, the default constructor is called
    // implicitly. 
    public WorkItem()
    {
        ID = 0;
        Title = "Default title";
        Description = "Default description.";
        jobLength = new TimeSpan();
    }

    // Instance constructor that has three parameters.
    public WorkItem(string title, string desc, TimeSpan joblen)
    {
        this.ID = GetNextID();
        this.Title = title;
        this.Description = desc;
        this.jobLength = joblen;
    }

    // Static constructor to initialize the static member, currentID. This
    // constructor is called one time, automatically, before any instance
    // of WorkItem or ChangeRequest is created, or currentID is referenced.
    static WorkItem()
    {
        currentID = 0;
    }


    protected int GetNextID()
    {
        // currentID is a static field. It is incremented each time a new
        // instance of WorkItem is created.
        return ++currentID;
    }

    // Method Update enables you to update the title and job length of an
    // existing WorkItem object.
    public void Update(string title, TimeSpan joblen)
    {
        this.Title = title;
        this.jobLength = joblen;
    }

    // Virtual method override of the ToString method that is inherited
    // from System.Object.
    public override string ToString()
    {
        return String.Format("{0} - {1}", this.ID, this.Title);
    }
}

// ChangeRequest derives from WorkItem and adds a property (originalItemID) 
// and two constructors.
public class ChangeRequest : WorkItem
{
    protected int originalItemID { get; set; }

    // Constructors. Because neither constructor calls a base-class 
    // constructor explicitly, the default constructor in the base class
    // is called implicitly. The base class must contain a default 
    // constructor.

    // Default constructor for the derived class.
    public ChangeRequest() { }

    // Instance constructor that has four parameters.
    public ChangeRequest(string title, string desc, TimeSpan jobLen,
                         int originalID)
    {
        // The following properties and the GetNexID method are inherited 
        // from WorkItem.
        this.ID = GetNextID();
        this.Title = title;
        this.Description = desc;
        this.jobLength = jobLen;

        // Property originalItemId is a member of ChangeRequest, but not 
        // of WorkItem.
        this.originalItemID = originalID;
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Create an instance of WorkItem by using the constructor in the 
        // base class that takes three arguments.
        WorkItem item = new WorkItem("Fix Bugs",
                                     "Fix all bugs in my code branch",
                                     new TimeSpan(3, 4, 0, 0));

        // Create an instance of ChangeRequest by using the constructor in
        // the derived class that takes four arguments.
        ChangeRequest change = new ChangeRequest("Change Base Class Design",
                                                 "Add members to the class",
                                                 new TimeSpan(4, 0, 0),
                                                 1);

        // Use the ToString method defined in WorkItem.
        Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());

        // Use the inherited Update method to change the title of the 
        // ChangeRequest object.
        change.Update("Change the Design of the Base Class",
            new TimeSpan(4, 0, 0));

        // ChangeRequest inherits WorkItem's override of ToString.
        Console.WriteLine(change.ToString());

        // Keep the console open in debug mode.
        Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}
/* Output:
    1 - Fix Bugs
    2 - Change the Design of the Base Class
*/


 

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