性能優化篇(4):NEON優化案例——圖像顏色轉換之RGB到BGR(aarch64版)

性能優化篇(4):NEON優化案例——圖像顏色轉換之RGB到BGR(aarch64版)

Author:stormQ

Sunday, 1. December 2019 1 07:13AM


爲什麼要交換圖像顏色通道

對於只有RGB三種通道的圖像來說,OpenCV默認的通道排列方式爲BGR而非常見的RGB。在一個應用內,如果同時存在“有些圖像處理函數以RGB圖像作爲輸入輸出,而有些圖像處理函數以BGR圖像作爲輸入輸出”,那麼在調用這些函數前需要進行圖像顏色通道轉換,以滿足接口的輸入要求。由於圖像顏色通道轉換比較耗時,甚至可能成爲性能瓶頸。因此,研究如何加速圖像顏色通道交換就非常有意義了。


實現一個基本的圖像顏色通道交換函數

如何將一個大小爲1920x1080RGB圖像轉換成相同大小的BGR圖像呢?

首先實現一個最簡單的轉換函數simple_rgb2bgr(),完整實現如下:

#define CHANNELS 3

void simple_rgb2bgr(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
    {
        // swap R and B channel
        const auto r_channel = *(img + i);
        *(img + i) = *(img + i + 2);
        *(img + i + 2) = r_channel;
    }
}

simple_rgb2bgr()函數將一個二維的圖像看作是一維的,意味着只需要一個循環就可以遍歷所有的像素。這種用法的好處在於,遵循空間局部性原理以高效利用cache從而改善程序性能,而不必關心二維圖像在內存中的存儲順序——是行主序還是列主序。如果用兩個循環的話會比較繁瑣,移植性也不好。

上述函數在Jetson TX2上運行時會耗時 3~4ms 左右,在其他機器上運行時耗時會有所不同。如果該耗時不可接受,那麼只能想辦法對其進行加速。常見的加速思路有以下幾種:1)任務級並行(利用多線程);2)數據級並行(利用 GPU);3)利用 SIMD。這裏我們只研究第三種加速方式——利用 SIMD,它沒有“任務級並行所需要的正確的調度協作和佔用更多的 CPU 資源”,也沒有“數據級並行所帶來的 GPU 與 CPU 之間數據傳輸開銷”。


利用 NEON 加速圖像顏色通道交換

首先,實現一個基本的利用NEON加速圖像顏色通道交換的函數rgb2bgr_with_neon(),完整實現如下:

#include "arm_neon.h"

void rgb2bgr_with_neon(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    const int stride_bytes = 48;

    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += stride_bytes)
    {
        uint8_t *target = img + i;

        // swap R and B channel with NEON
        uint8x16x3_t a = vld3q_u8(target);
        uint8x16x3_t b;
        b.val[0] = a.val[2];
        b.val[1] = a.val[1];
        b.val[2] = a.val[0];
        vst3q_u8(target, b);
    }
}

上述函數沒有考慮圖像像素個數非整除時的情形,這個放到後面進行。該函數的實現用到了兩個NEON Intrinsics,分別是vld3q_u8vst3q_u8,兩者都定義在arm_neon.h文件中。

vld3q_u8的函數原型爲uint8x16x3_t vld3q_u8 (const uint8_t * __a),作用爲以步長爲 3 交叉地加載數據到三個連續的 128-bit 的向量寄存器。具體地:將內存地址__a__a+3、…、__a+45處的內容分別賦值給向量寄存器Vnlane[0]lane[1]、…、lane[15],將內存地址__a+1__a+4、…、__a+46處的內容分別賦值給向量寄存器Vn+1lane[0]lane[1]、…、lane[15],將內存地址__a+2__a+5、…、__a+47處的內容分別賦值給向量寄存器Vn+2lane[0]lane[1]、…、lane[15]。也就是說,vld3q_u8在上述函數中的作用爲:將連續 16 個像素的 R 通道: R0、R1、… 、R15 加載到向量寄存器Vn,將連續 16 個像素的 G 通道: G0、G1、… 、G15 加載到向量寄存器Vn+1,將連續 16 個像素的 B 通道: B0、B1、… 、B15 加載到向量寄存器Vn+2

vst3q_u8的函數原型爲void vst3q_u8 (uint8_t * __a, uint8x16x3_t val),作用爲以步長爲 3 交叉地存儲數據到內存中。

由於每一次迭代可以同時處理 16 個連續的像素,這些像素佔用 48 字節(48(bytes) = 16(像素個數) * 3(通道數))。所以,變量stride_bytes的值爲 48。

由於aarch64指令集中沒有ARM 指令集中的VSWP指令。因此,這裏引入一個類型爲uint8x16x3_t的臨時向量b用於交換RB通道。 g++ 帶優化選項-Og編譯時,語句b.val[0] = a.val[2]; b.val[1] = a.val[1]; b.val[2] = a.val[0];對應三條MOV指令。

在通道交換完成後,用語句vst3q_u8(target, b);將交換後的結果寫入內存。這樣,一次交換操作就完成了。

現在考慮圖像像素個數非整除時的情形,完整實現如下:

void rgb2bgr_with_neon(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    const int stride_bytes = 48;
    const int left_bytes = total_bytes % stride_bytes;
    const int multiply_bytes = total_bytes - left_bytes;

    for (int i = 0; i < multiply_bytes; i += stride_bytes)
    {
        uint8_t *target = img + i;

        // swap R and B channel with NEON
        uint8x16x3_t a = vld3q_u8(target);
        uint8x16x3_t b;
        b.val[0] = a.val[2];
        b.val[1] = a.val[1];
        b.val[2] = a.val[0];
        vst3q_u8(target, b);
    }

    // handling non-multiply array lengths
    for (int i = multiply_bytes; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
    {
        const auto r_channel = *(img + i);
        *(img + i) = *(img + i + 2);
        *(img + i + 2) = r_channel;
    }
}

爲了驗證rgb2bgr_with_neon()函數的正確性,這裏引入兩個函數:init()check()init()函數用於初始化圖像,check()函數用於檢查交換後的圖像是否正確。完整實現如下:

#include <iostream>

#define RED 255
#define GREEN 125
#define BLUE 80

#define CHECK(img, height, width)               \
if (check(img, height, width))                  \
{                                               \
    std::cout << "Correct:img.\n";              \
}                                               \
else                                            \
{                                               \
    std::cout << "Error:img.\n";                \
}

void init(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; )
    {
        *(img + i++) = RED;
        *(img + i++) = GREEN;
        *(img + i++) = BLUE;
    }
}

bool check(const uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
    {
        if (*(img + i) != BLUE || *(img + i + 1) != GREEN || 
                *(img + i + 2) != RED)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

完整的程序爲main.cpp

#include "arm_neon.h"
#include <iostream>

#define HEIGHT 1080
#define WIDTH 1920
#define CHANNELS 3
#define RED 255
#define GREEN 125
#define BLUE 80

#define CHECK(img, height, width)               \
if (check(img, height, width))                  \
{                                               \
    std::cout << "Correct:img.\n";              \
}                                               \
else                                            \
{                                               \
    std::cout << "Error:img.\n";                \
}

void init(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; )
    {
        *(img + i++) = RED;
        *(img + i++) = GREEN;
        *(img + i++) = BLUE;
    }
}

bool check(const uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
    {
        if (*(img + i) != BLUE || *(img + i + 1) != GREEN || 
                *(img + i + 2) != RED)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

void simple_rgb2bgr(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
    {
        // swap R and B channel
        const auto r_channel = *(img + i);
        *(img + i) = *(img + i + 2);
        *(img + i + 2) = r_channel;
    }
}

void rgb2bgr_with_neon(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
{
    const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    const int stride_bytes = 48;
    const int left_bytes = total_bytes % stride_bytes;
    const int multiply_bytes = total_bytes - left_bytes;

    for (int i = 0; i < multiply_bytes; i += stride_bytes)
    {
        uint8_t *target = img + i;

        // swap R and B channel with NEON
        uint8x16x3_t a = vld3q_u8(target);
        uint8x16x3_t b;
        b.val[0] = a.val[2];
        b.val[1] = a.val[1];
        b.val[2] = a.val[0];
        vst3q_u8(target, b);
    }

    // handling non-multiply array lengths
    for (int i = multiply_bytes; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
    {
        const auto r_channel = *(img + i);
        *(img + i) = *(img + i + 2);
        *(img + i + 2) = r_channel;
    }
}

uint8_t *rgb_img1 = nullptr;
uint8_t *rgb_img2 = nullptr;

int main()
{
    rgb_img1 = new uint8_t[HEIGHT * WIDTH * CHANNELS];
    rgb_img2 = new uint8_t[HEIGHT * WIDTH * CHANNELS];

    init(rgb_img1, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
    init(rgb_img2, HEIGHT, WIDTH);

    simple_rgb2bgr(rgb_img1, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
    rgb2bgr_with_neon(rgb_img2, HEIGHT, WIDTH);

    CHECK(rgb_img1, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
    CHECK(rgb_img2, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
    
    delete [] rgb_img2;
    delete [] rgb_img1;
    return 0;
}

編譯程序(On Jetson TX2):

g++ -std=c++11 -g -Og -o main_Og main.cpp

統計函數耗時(On Jetson TX2):

啓動程序方式 第一次執行耗時(us) 第二次執行耗時(us) 第三次執行耗時(us) 第四次執行耗時(us) 第五次執行耗時(us)
./main_Og
  • simple_rgb2bgr:4303
  • rgb2bgr_with_neon:1021
  • simple_rgb2bgr:4469
  • rgb2bgr_with_neon:1162
  • simple_rgb2bgr:3920
  • rgb2bgr_with_neon:1017
  • simple_rgb2bgr:4248
  • rgb2bgr_with_neon:1019
  • simple_rgb2bgr:3966
  • rgb2bgr_with_neon:1018
  • 從統計結果中可以看出,rgb2bgr_with_neon()函數的執行速度比simple_rgb2bgr()函數快 3 到 4 倍。

    那麼 NEON 版的實現爲什麼能達到這樣一個加速呢? 下面從 cache 的角度進行分析。

    統計 cache 性能數據:

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    I1 cache:         16384 B, 64 B, 4-way associative
    D1 cache:         16384 B, 64 B, 4-way associative
    LL cache:         262144 B, 64 B, 8-way associative
    Command:          ./main_Og
    Data file:        cachegrind.out.22890
    Events recorded:  Ir I1mr ILmr Dr D1mr DLmr Dw D1mw DLmw
    Events shown:     Ir I1mr ILmr Dr D1mr DLmr Dw D1mw DLmw
    Event sort order: Ir I1mr ILmr Dr D1mr DLmr Dw D1mw DLmw
    Thresholds:       0.1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Include dirs:     
    User annotated:   main.cpp
    Auto-annotation:  on
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Ir  I1mr  ILmr         Dr    D1mr    DLmr         Dw    D1mw    DLmw 
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    139,881,731 1,705 1,509 17,482,366 405,359 398,173 17,179,116 196,982 195,984  PROGRAM TOTALS
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Ir I1mr ILmr         Dr    D1mr    DLmr         Dw    D1mw    DLmw  file:function
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    66,355,214    3    3 12,441,600 194,402 194,402          0       0       0  /home/test/main.cpp:check(unsigned char const*, int, int)
    49,766,412    1    1          0       0       0 12,441,600 194,401 194,401  /home/test/main.cpp:init(unsigned char*, int, int)
    20,736,006    2    2  4,147,200  97,201  97,201  4,147,200       0       0  /home/test/main.cpp:simple_rgb2bgr(unsigned char*, int, int)
       648,017    3    3          0       0       0          0       0       0  /home/test/main.cpp:rgb2bgr_with_neon(unsigned char*, int, int)
       648,000    0    0    388,800  97,201  97,201    388,800       0       0  /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/5/include/arm_neon.h:rgb2bgr_with_neon(unsigned char*, int, int)
       548,801   12   11    149,830   2,085   1,743     50,617      36      24  /build/glibc-BinVK7/glibc-2.23/elf/dl-lookup.c:_dl_lookup_symbol_x
       541,307   42   41    192,949   5,227   1,153     94,348      53      33  /build/glibc-BinVK7/glibc-2.23/elf/dl-lookup.c:do_lookup_x
       211,533   28   28     48,140   3,391   2,964     20,629   1,748     887  /build/glibc-BinVK7/glibc-2.23/elf/../sysdeps/aarch64/dl-machine.h:_dl_relocate_object
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- User-annotated source: main.cpp
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      No information has been collected for main.cpp
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Auto-annotated source: /home/test/main.cpp
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Ir I1mr ILmr        Dr    D1mr    DLmr        Dw   D1mw   DLmw 
    
    -- line 20 ----------------------------------------
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  }                                               \
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  else                                            \
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  {                                               \
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      std::cout << "Error:img.\n";                \
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  void init(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  {
             4    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0      const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    12,441,608    1    1         0       0       0         0      0      0      for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; )
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      {
    12,441,600    0    0         0       0       0 4,147,200 64,801 64,801          *(img + i++) = RED;
    12,441,600    0    0         0       0       0 4,147,200 64,800 64,800          *(img + i++) = GREEN;
    12,441,600    0    0         0       0       0 4,147,200 64,800 64,800          *(img + i++) = BLUE;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  bool check(const uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  {
             4    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0      const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
    16,588,806    3    3         0       0       0         0      0      0      for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      {
    41,472,000    0    0 8,294,400 129,602 129,602         0      0      0          if (*(img + i) != BLUE || *(img + i + 1) != GREEN || 
     8,294,400    0    0 4,147,200  64,800  64,800         0      0      0                  *(img + i + 2) != RED)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          {
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .              return false;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      }
             4    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0      return true;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  void simple_rgb2bgr(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  {
             2    1    1         0       0       0         0      0      0      const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
     8,294,404    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0      for (int i = 0; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      {
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          // swap R and B channel
     4,147,200    0    0 2,073,600  32,401  32,401         0      0      0          const auto r_channel = *(img + i);
     6,220,800    1    1 2,073,600  64,800  64,800 2,073,600      0      0          *(img + i) = *(img + i + 2);
     2,073,600    0    0         0       0       0 2,073,600      0      0          *(img + i + 2) = r_channel;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  void rgb2bgr_with_neon(uint8_t *img, int height, int width)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  {
             2    1    1         0       0       0         0      0      0      const int total_bytes = height * width * CHANNELS;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      const int stride_bytes = 48;
             7    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0      const int left_bytes = total_bytes % stride_bytes;
             1    1    1         0       0       0         0      0      0      const int multiply_bytes = total_bytes - left_bytes;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
       518,404    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0      for (int i = 0; i < multiply_bytes; i += stride_bytes)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      {
       129,600    0    0         0       0       0         0      0      0          uint8_t *target = img + i;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          // swap R and B channel with NEON
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          uint8x16x3_t a = vld3q_u8(target);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          uint8x16x3_t b;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          b.val[0] = a.val[2];
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          b.val[1] = a.val[1];
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          b.val[2] = a.val[0];
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          vst3q_u8(target, b);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      // handling non-multiply array lengths
             3    1    1         0       0       0         0      0      0      for (int i = multiply_bytes; i < total_bytes; i += CHANNELS)
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      {
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          const auto r_channel = *(img + i);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          *(img + i) = *(img + i + 2);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .          *(img + i + 2) = r_channel;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  }
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  uint8_t *rgb_img1 = nullptr;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  uint8_t *rgb_img2 = nullptr;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  int main()
             7    1    1         1       0       0         5      0      0  {
             7    1    1         0       0       0         1      1      1      rgb_img1 = new uint8_t[HEIGHT * WIDTH * CHANNELS];
             3    0    0         0       0       0         1      0      0      rgb_img2 = new uint8_t[HEIGHT * WIDTH * CHANNELS];
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             4    0    0         1       0       0         0      0      0      init(rgb_img1, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
             4    1    1         1       1       1         0      0      0      init(rgb_img2, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
             6    1    1         1       1       1         0      0      0      simple_rgb2bgr(rgb_img1, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
             6    0    0         1       1       1         0      0      0      rgb2bgr_with_neon(rgb_img2, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .  
            12    1    1         1       1       1         0      0      0      CHECK(rgb_img1, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
            14    1    1         1       1       1         0      0      0      CHECK(rgb_img2, HEIGHT, WIDTH);
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      
             5    1    1         1       1       1         0      0      0      delete [] rgb_img2;
             5    0    0         1       0       0         0      0      0      delete [] rgb_img1;
             .    .    .         .       .       .         .      .      .      return 0;
            27    4    3        11       3       1         5      0      0  }
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Auto-annotated source: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/5/include/arm_neon.h
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Ir I1mr ILmr      Dr   D1mr   DLmr      Dw D1mw DLmw 
    
    -- line 16243 ----------------------------------------
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    return ret;
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  }
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  __extension__ static __inline uint8x16x3_t __attribute__ ((__always_inline__))
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  vld3q_u8 (const uint8_t * __a)
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  {
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    uint8x16x3_t ret;
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __builtin_aarch64_simd_ci __o;
    129,600    0    0 388,800 97,201 97,201       0    0    0    __o = __builtin_aarch64_ld3v16qi ((const __builtin_aarch64_simd_qi *) __a);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    ret.val[0] = (uint8x16_t) __builtin_aarch64_get_qregciv16qi (__o, 0);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    ret.val[1] = (uint8x16_t) __builtin_aarch64_get_qregciv16qi (__o, 1);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    ret.val[2] = (uint8x16_t) __builtin_aarch64_get_qregciv16qi (__o, 2);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    return ret;
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  }
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  __extension__ static __inline uint16x8x3_t __attribute__ ((__always_inline__))
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  vld3q_u16 (const uint16_t * __a)
    -- line 16259 ----------------------------------------
    -- line 23620 ----------------------------------------
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __o = __builtin_aarch64_set_qregciv2di (__o, (int64x2_t) val.val[2], 2);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __builtin_aarch64_st3v2di ((__builtin_aarch64_simd_di *) __a, __o);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  }
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  __extension__ static __inline void __attribute__ ((__always_inline__))
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  vst3q_u8 (uint8_t * __a, uint8x16x3_t val)
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  {
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __builtin_aarch64_simd_ci __o;
    129,600    0    0       0      0      0       0    0    0    __o = __builtin_aarch64_set_qregciv16qi (__o, (int8x16_t) val.val[0], 0);
    129,600    0    0       0      0      0       0    0    0    __o = __builtin_aarch64_set_qregciv16qi (__o, (int8x16_t) val.val[1], 1);
    129,600    0    0       0      0      0       0    0    0    __o = __builtin_aarch64_set_qregciv16qi (__o, (int8x16_t) val.val[2], 2);
    129,600    0    0       0      0      0 388,800    0    0    __builtin_aarch64_st3v16qi ((__builtin_aarch64_simd_qi *) __a, __o);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  }
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  __extension__ static __inline void __attribute__ ((__always_inline__))
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  vst3q_u16 (uint16_t * __a, uint16x8x3_t val)
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .  {
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __builtin_aarch64_simd_ci __o;
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __o = __builtin_aarch64_set_qregciv8hi (__o, (int16x8_t) val.val[0], 0);
          .    .    .       .      .      .       .    .    .    __o = __builtin_aarch64_set_qregciv8hi (__o, (int16x8_t) val.val[1], 1);
    -- line 23639 ----------------------------------------
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    The following files chosen for auto-annotation could not be found:
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      /build/glibc-BinVK7/glibc-2.23/elf/dl-lookup.c
      /build/glibc-BinVK7/glibc-2.23/elf/../sysdeps/aarch64/dl-machine.h
    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ir I1mr ILmr Dr D1mr DLmr Dw D1mw DLmw 
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    99    1    1 97   96   98 99   99   99  percentage of events annotated
    

    分析統計結果:

    函數名稱 內存讀操作數量(Dr列) 一級數據緩存讀不命中次數(D1mr列) 最後一級數據緩存讀不命中次數(DLmr列) 內存寫操作數量(Dw列) 一級數據緩存寫不命中次數(D1mw列) 最後一級數據緩存寫不命中次數(DLmw列)
    simple_rgb2bgr 4,147,200 97,201 97,201 4,147,200 0 0
    rgb2bgr_with_neon 388,800 97,201 97,201 388,800 0 0

    可以看出,rgb2bgr_with_neon函數的內存讀操作數量和內存寫操作數量分別爲simple_rgb2bgr函數的 0.09375 倍,其他的都是相同的。因此,從 cache 的角度來看,NEON 大大減少了內存讀寫操作數量,從而改善程序性能。

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