1、路由概念
MAC地址與IP地址:
用來定位設備;
MAC地址爲物理地址,工作在數據鏈路層,IP地址爲邏輯地址,工作在網絡層;
路由:爲需要跨網絡轉發的數據包提供的路徑信息;
路由協議:路由器之間分享路由信息所需要遵循的標準;
路由表:路由條目的集合;
路由條目:記錄特定目的IP地址與轉發接口的某類表項;
在華爲設備上查看路由表,通過命令:display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 4 Routes : 4
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
- Destination/Mask:目的網絡/掩碼;
- Proto:路由來源與類型,如直連、靜態,通過路由協議獲取的;
- Pre:路由協議的優先級;
- Cost :路由開銷;
- Flags:路由標記R:表示路由是迭代路由,路由標記D:表示該路由成功下發到FIB表;
- NextHop :路由下一跳;
- Interface:輸出接口;
優先級:
優先級數值越小,路由來源越可靠;
管理員可以修改優先級值,除了直連路由外;
路由來源 | 路由優先級默認值 |
Direct(直連) | 0 |
Static(靜態) | 60 |
OSPF | 10 |
RIP | 100 |
路由度量值:
指的是去往某網絡的開銷值;
路由開銷值越小,路由越優;
2、路由協議分類
分類標準:是否通告子網掩碼信息
有類路由:發送路由更新信息時不攜帶子網掩碼。如:RIPv1
無類路由:發送路由更新信息時攜帶子網掩碼。如:RIPv2、OSPF
分類標準:適用範圍
內部網關(IGP):有AS內部傳遞的路由。如:RIPv1、RIPv2、OSPF
外部網關(EGP):有AS直接傳遞的路由。如:BGP
分類標準:路由算法
距離矢量:沒有全網路由拓撲信息,依靠鄰居傳聞計算路由;
鏈路狀態:擁有全網拓撲信息,依靠自身計算路由;
距離矢量路由協議:
路由以矢量(距離、方向)的方式被通告出去的,其中距離是根據度量來定義的,方向是根據下一跳路由器定義的。被認爲是“依照傳聞進行路由選擇”。 (如:RIPv1、RIPv2)
鏈路狀態路由協議:
鏈路狀態路由協議又稱爲 最短路徑優先協議,它建基於 Edsger Dijkstra 的 SPF(最短路徑優先)算法。
3、路由基本配置
(1)首先建立拓撲結構如下:
AR1配置信息:
進入系統視圖:system-view
<Huawei>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]
配置設備名稱:sysname 名稱
[Huawei]sysname AR1
[AR1]
進入接口視圖:interface 接口類型 接口編號
[AR1]interface gigabitethernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
在這裏瞭解一下接口常識:
(1)S口:是serial接口的意思,也叫高速異步串口,主要是連接廣域網的V.35線纜用的,說白了就是路由器和路由器連接時候用的,可以用命令設置帶寬,一般也就在10M、8M左右。
(2)F口:是FastEthernet接口,叫快速以太網口,主要連接以太網(局域網)用的,說白了就是連接交換機或電腦用的,用普通的雙絞線就可以連接,速率默認是100Mbps,可以用命令限速,但是不可能超過100Mbps。
(3)E口:是Ethernet接口,叫以太網接口,也是主要連接以太網(局域網)用的,也是用普通的雙絞線就可以連接,速率默認是10Mbps,現在新型的設備上已經把這個接口淘汰了。
另外,路由器上還有一個必不可少的接口是Console口,叫控制口,這個接口是用來調試路由器的。
另外有的路由器還有AUX接口,也是控制接口;
(4)G口:是千兆以太網接口,是連接以太網用的。
配置IP地址:ip address ip地址 子網掩碼
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.0.12.1 255.255.255.0
保存
<AR1>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue? (y/n)[n]:y
It will take several minutes to save configuration file, please wait.........
Configuration file had been saved successfully
Note: The configuration file will take effect after being activated
<AR1>
AR2配置信息:
The device is running!
<Huawei>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname AR2
[AR2]interface gigabitethernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.0.12.2 255.255.255.0
Apr 7 2020 15:13:08-08:00 AR2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface gigabitethernet 0/0/1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.23.2 255.255.255.0
Apr 7 2020 15:13:47-08:00 AR2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
<AR2>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue? (y/n)[n]:y
It will take several minutes to save configuration file, please wait........
Configuration file had been saved successfully
Note: The configuration file will take effect after being activated
<AR2>
AR3配置信息:
The device is running!
<Huawei>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname AR3
[AR3]interface gigabitethernet 0/0/1
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.23.3 255.255.255.0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
Apr 7 2020 15:15:37-08:00 AR3 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
<AR3>save
The current configuration will be written to the device.
Are you sure to continue? (y/n)[n]:y
It will take several minutes to save configuration file, please wait.........
Configuration file had been saved successfully
Note: The configuration file will take effect after being activated
<AR3>
(2)測試直連鏈路的連通性
(AR1與AR2:成功)
<AR2>ping 10.0.12.1
PING 10.0.12.1: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=230 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=40 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=30 ms
--- 10.0.12.1 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 30/72/230 ms
(AR2與AR3:成功)
<AR2>ping 10.0.23.3
PING 10.0.23.3: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=150 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=20 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=20 ms
--- 10.0.23.3 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 20/50/150 ms
(3)測試AR1與AR3連通性
[AR1]ping 10.0.23.3
PING 10.0.23.3: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Request time out
Request time out
Request time out
Request time out
Request time out
--- 10.0.23.3 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
0 packet(s) received
100.00% packet loss
可以看出連通失敗;
此時查看路由AR1中的路由表 [AR1]display ip routing-table :
[AR1]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 7 Routes : 7
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.12.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.0.12.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.0.12.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
沒有發現到AR3的路由表,所以不能連通;
解決方法:
(1)配置靜態路由
ip route-static IP地址 {子網掩碼|掩碼長度} {下一跳地址|接口類型 接口編號 [下一跳地址]}
AR1配置:
[AR1]ip route-static 10.0.23.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.12.2
AR3配置:
[AR3]ip route-static 10.0.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.23.2
再次連通AR1與AR3:
[AR1]ping 10.0.23.3
PING 10.0.23.3: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=80 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=50 ms
Reply from 10.0.23.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=30 ms
--- 10.0.23.3 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 30/44/80 ms
發現AR1與AR3可以相互連通;
4、路由信息三種來源:
以如下拓撲結構爲例,來討論三種路由信息來源:
(1)直連路由(自動添加)
路由優先級與度量值都爲0,並且不可以修改;
(2)靜態路由(需要管理員手動添加)
查看AR1中的靜態路由:display ip routing-table protocol static
[AR1]display ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1 Configured Routes : 1
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.23.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
可以發現AR1中,靜態路由是上述添加的,原來是沒有靜態路由的。
靜態路由比動態路由更加穩定、更加可控、更容易部署,缺點擴展性差、無法反映拓撲的變化。
(3)動態路由(根據路由協議獲取鄰居網絡路由)