Persistent Connections
What is HTTP Persistent Connections?
HTTP persistent connections, also called HTTP keep-alive, or HTTP connection reuse, is the idea of using the same TCP connection to send and receive multiple HTTP requests/responses, as opposed to opening a new one for every single request/response pair. Using persistent connections is very important for improving HTTP performance.
There are several advantages of using persistent connections, including:
HTTP持久連接也稱爲HTTP keep-alive，或者叫HTTP連接重用，意思是指使用同一個TCP連接來處理多個HTTP requests/responses，與每個request/response pair open一個連接的方式相反。持久連接對於提高HTTP performance非常重要。
- Network friendly. Less network traffic due to fewer setting up and tearing down of TCP connections.
- Reduced latency on subsequent request. Due to avoidance of initial TCP handshake
- Long lasting connections allowing TCP sufficient time to determine the congestion state of the network, thus to react appropriately.網絡接口友好的：通過減少TCP連接的初始化和清理操作（握手），降低了網絡傳輸
爲後續請求提高響應時間：通過避免TCP握手
長連接允許TCP有足夠的時間來測定網絡連接狀態，並做適當優化。
The advantages are even more obvious with HTTPS or HTTP over SSL/TLS. There, persistent connections may reduce the number of costly SSL/TLS handshake to establish security associations, in addition to the initial TCP connection set up.
這些優點在使用HTTPS或者基於SSL/TLS的HTTP協議時尤爲明顯。因爲持久連接可以減少TCP連接的初始化設置及SSL/TLS握手的次數。
In HTTP/1.1, persistent connections are the default behavior of any connection. That is, unless otherwise indicated, the client SHOULD assume that the server will maintain a persistent connection, even after error responses from the server. However, the protocol provides means for a client and a server to signal the closing of a TCP connection.
HTTP/1.1規範中，默認使用持久連接。也就是說，在沒有明確指定的情況下，客戶端是(應該)假設服務端可以維持一個持久連接的，即使返回了錯誤的應答消息。然而，協議規定客戶端與服務端均可以主動關閉這個持久的TCP連接。
What makes a connection reusable?
Since TCP by its nature is a stream based protocol, in order to reuse an existing connection, the HTTP protocol has to have a way to indicate the end of the previous response and the beginning of the next one. Thus, it is required that all messages on the connection MUST have a self-defined message length (i.e., one not defined by closure of the connection). Self demarcation is achieved by either setting the Content-Length header, or in the case of chunked transfer encoded entity body, each chunk starts with a size, and the response body ends with a special last chunk.
TCP協議本質上基於流的協議，爲了重用已經打開的連接，HTTP協議必須能夠識別前一個應答的結束和下一個請求的開始。因此呢，這就要求所有通過這個連接傳遞的消息必須有一個自定義的（message length）消息段（也就是，one not defined by closure of the connection）。Self demarcation is achieved by either setting the Content-Length header, or in the case of chunked transfer encoded entity body,each chunk starts with a size, and the response body ends with a special last chunk.（大概就是在應答和請求中添加標識）
What happens if there are proxy servers in between?
Since persistent connections applies to only one transport link, it is important that proxy servers correctly signal persistent/or-non-persistent connections separately with its clients and the origin servers (or to other proxy servers). From a HTTP client or server's perspective, as far as persistence connection is concerned, the presence or absence of proxy servers is transparent.
（代理應該可以正確的標識持久連接/非持久連接，代理對客戶端和服務端均是透明的）
What does the current JDK do for Keep-Alive?
The JDK supports both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 persistent connections.
When the application finishes reading the response body or when the application calls close() on the InputStream returned by URLConnection.getInputStream(), the JDK's HTTP protocol handler will try to clean up the connection and if successful, put the connection into a connection cache for reuse by future HTTP requests.
The support for HTTP keep-Alive is done transparently. However, it can be controlled by system properties http.keepAlive, and http.maxConnections, as well as by HTTP/1.1 specified request and response headers.
The system properties that control the behavior of Keep-Alive are:
http.keepAlive=<boolean>
default: true
Indicates if keep alive (persistent) connections should be supported.
http.maxConnections=<int>
default: 5
Indicates the maximum number of connections per destination to be kept alive at any given time
HTTP header that influences connection persistence is:
Connection: close
If the "Connection" header is specified with the value "close" in either the request or the response header fields, it indicates that the connection should not be considered 'persistent' after the current request/response is complete.
The current implementation doesn't buffer the response body. Which means that the application has to finish reading the response body or call close() to abandon the rest of the response body, in order for that connection to be reused. Furthermore, current implementation will not try block-reading when cleaning up the connection, meaning if the whole response body is not available, the connection will not be reused.
What's new in Tiger?
When the application encounters a HTTP 400 or 500 response, it may ignore the IOException and then may issue another HTTP request. In this case, the underlying TCP connection won't be Kept-Alive because the response body is still there to be consumed, so the socket connection is not cleared, therefore not available for reuse. What the application needs to do is call HttpURLConnection.getErrorStream() after catching the IOException , read the response body, then close the stream. However, some existing applications are not doing this. As a result, they do not benefit from persistent connections. To address this problem, we have introduced a workaround.
The workaround involves buffering the response body if the response is >=400, up to a certain amount and within a time limit, thus freeing up the underlying socket connection for reuse. The rationale behind this is that when the server responds with a >=400 error (client error or server error. One example is "404: File Not Found" error), the server usually sends a small response body to explain whom to contact and what to do to recover.
Several new Sun implementation specific properties are introduced to help clean up the connections after error response from the server.
The major one is:
sun.net.http.errorstream.enableBuffering=<boolean>default: false
With the above system property set to true (default is false), when the response code is >=400, the HTTP handler will try to buffer the response body. Thus freeing up the underlying socket connection for reuse. Thus, even if the application doesn't call getErrorStream(), read the response body, and then call close(), the underlying socket connection may still be kept-alive and reused.
The following two system properties provide further control to the error stream buffering behavior:
sun.net.http.errorstream.timeout=<int> in millisecond
default: 300 millisecond
sun.net.http.errorstream.bufferSize=<int> in bytes
default: 4096 bytes
What can you do to help with Keep-Alive?
Do not abandon a connection by ignoring the response body. Doing so may results in idle TCP connections. That needs to be garbage collected when they are no longer referenced.
If getInputStream() successfully returns, read the entire response body.
When calling getInputStream() from HttpURLConnection, if an IOException occurs, catch the exception and call getErrorStream() to get the response body (if there is any).
Reading the response body cleans up the connection even if you are not interested in the response content itself. But if the response body is long and you are not interested in the rest of it after seeing the beginning, you can close the InputStream. But you need to be aware that more data could be on its way. Thus the connection may not be cleared for reuse.
Here's a code example that complies to the above recommendation:
try {
URL a = new URL(args[0]);
URLConnection urlc = a.openConnection();
is = conn.getInputStream();
int ret = 0;
while ((ret = is.read(buf)) > 0) {
processBuf(buf);
}
// close the inputstream
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
try {
respCode = ((HttpURLConnection)conn).getResponseCode();
es = ((HttpURLConnection)conn).getErrorStream();
int ret = 0;
// read the response body
while ((ret = es.read(buf)) > 0) {
processBuf(buf);
}
// close the errorstream
es.close();
} catch(IOException ex) {
// deal with the exception
}
}
If you know ahead of time that you won't be interested in the response body, you should issue a HEAD request instead of a GET request. For example when you are only interested in the meta info of the web resource or when testing for its validity, accessibility and recent modification. Here's a code snippet:
URL a = new URL(args[0]);
URLConnection urlc = a.openConnection();
HttpURLConnection httpc = (HttpURLConnection)urlc;
// only interested in the length of the resource
httpc.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
int len = httpc.getContentLength();
Future directions in the JDK?
- More aggressive clean-up. An example is measured blocking read when application calls close before finish reading the response body
- pipelining requests to further increase the network bandwidth utilization and reduce latency