區塊鏈時代下，企業如何打造數據要素的“新競爭力”？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年的“十四五”規劃和2035年遠景目標綱要中，單列篇章重點規劃了我國未來經濟的數字化發展之路，提出推進數字產業化和產業數字化，推動數字經濟和實體經濟深度融合，打造具有國際競爭力的數字產業集羣。而企業作爲經濟活動的主體，隨着當前數字經濟在全球範圍內的快速競爭發展，可以說將面臨從工業經濟時代向數字經濟時代的重大轉型。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就像在農業經濟時代和工業經濟時代中，土地、勞動力和資本是關鍵生產要素一樣，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"數字經濟時代企業圍繞數據要素的競爭力成爲生存與發展的關鍵。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"而區塊鏈技術的分佈式存儲、非對稱加密等技術，天然在數據要素的溯源、生產管理，確權、隱私保護等方面有着獨一無二的優勢特徵。那麼，企業在發展中如何藉助區塊鏈技術，讓數據要素成爲企業的“新競爭力”？今天就讓旺鏈科技帶你一探究竟。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"分佈式數據庫的效率與安全","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"從數據的角度而言，區塊鏈技術本質上是一個分佈式數據庫。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"而與之相對的是中心化數據庫，也是我們在互聯網時代最爲常見的數據庫類型。在傳統互聯網時代，無論是企業數據還是個人數據，其存儲的載體都是中心化數據庫，它最大的優勢在於實現了傳輸效率的不斷提升。可以說，在過去的三十年間，隨着市場需求的不斷變化，中心化數據庫經歷了許多次的變革與迭代。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最早的數據庫叫二維平面數據庫，是雅虎首創。我們可以將其理解爲一個“表格”。因爲在互聯網早期出現了很多的網頁，雅虎就通過這個“表格”將網頁分門別類便於用戶進行搜索。但是，隨着網頁的數量越來越龐大，二維平面數據庫無法支撐龐大的需求，後來數學家便發明了搜索數據庫，例如我們常見的谷歌、百度等，均是通過搜索數據庫，將大量的網頁存儲於搜索數據庫，實現檢索的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着電子商務和互聯網金融業務的興起，關係型數據庫的應用逐漸興起，它能夠準確的存儲每一筆數據並且不會出錯。可以說，如今能夠實現銀行系統的電子化、購物的電子化，其底層都是由關係型數據庫來保障。後來，隨着互聯網應用的迭代，我們需要存儲大量的圖片、視頻，基於此背景，文件型數據庫逐漸被廣泛應用，典型如抖音、Youtube等應用的出現。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以說，每一次數據庫的迭代與突破，都帶來了互聯網應用的快速發展。不過中心化數據庫雖然解決了數據的傳輸效率問題，但時至今日，“數據安全”的話題卻依舊是懸在人們頭上的一把“達摩克里斯”之劍，這也讓人們再次注意到以區塊鏈爲代表的分佈式數據庫的重要性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與傳統的中心化數據庫對數據進行集中存儲的方式不同，分佈式數據庫的數據會同步、完整的存儲在物理空間分散的多臺服務器上。如果我們將這個概念無限放大至全球每一個人的電腦中，那麼每一臺電腦都可以理解成一個服務器。這也意味着即使其中某一臺電腦的數據受到攻擊和篡改，也不會影響數據的完整性與安全性，這是區塊鏈分佈式賬本對於數據存儲帶來的根本性變革。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，“完整存儲”的特點使得區塊鏈網絡的數據存儲量更加龐大，它顯然是不高效的，這其中會存在數據傳輸有很多帶寬浪費。但是由於今天的底層分佈式網絡非常強大，已經不再在乎帶寬的浪費，足以支撐我們建立這種點對點的分佈式存儲網絡。這也是區塊鏈能夠在今天得到發展的一個重要的原因：底層網絡通訊技術強大、帶寬成本降低、通訊效率提高的結果。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據隱私保護與確權","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基於上述我們可以看到，區塊鏈的分佈式存儲還需要解決一大問題：數據的隱私保護。我們常說，互聯網時代下每個人的數據都在“裸奔”，區塊鏈技術如何保障個人、企業的數據隱私呢？這就要提到區塊鏈的非對稱加密技術。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"互聯網時代我們最常用的加密方式是對稱加密，就是使用同樣的密鑰進行“加密”和“解密”。這種加密方式最大的問題是，一旦密鑰泄露數據就徹底暴露。而非對稱加密中，加密用一個密鑰，解密時用另一個密鑰，同時公鑰無法反推出私鑰。這也就確保了分佈式數據庫在數據傳輸過程中，最大程度保護數據的隱私，而且對於企業、個人而言，只有通過授權之後的隱私才能夠被公開或者使用。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以個人數據爲例，我們通常使用微博產生的數據、淘寶和京東的購物數據，對於新浪、淘寶等公司而言，數據則是公開的，且歸屬權屬於該公司。在這個前提下，如果淘寶作爲中心機構主動“作惡”或者其數據庫被黑客攻擊，則意味着我們的數據和數據隱私就會泄露。而分佈式數據庫和非對稱加密則有效避免了這樣的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"既然，基於區塊鏈技術，數據隱私得到了保護，使用還需要授權，那麼是不是意味着：傳統互聯網時代“無主”的大量數據，現在有了歸屬權的概念？或者說，數據也成爲企業“明碼標價”的資產？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們以企業數據爲例，目前很多傳統互聯網巨頭能夠在各領域形成有效的競爭護城河，歸根結底來自於對大量用戶數據的掌握。可以說在某種意義上，通過區塊鏈明確數據的歸屬權，一定程度上可以讓數字經濟時代，企業之間的競爭更加公平。對於數據要素而言，區塊鏈技術除了對其歸屬權的確認，例如目前國外很多機構通過以太坊網絡的ERC 721協議，除了在數據所有權的領域打開了想象空間，更讓數據成爲企業資產成爲了可能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得一提的是，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"區塊鏈對數據安全和隱私的保護，並不會影響其在協同中的效率。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"基於分佈式網絡的特徵，對於供應鏈等協作場景而言，反而會更加高效、可信。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"技術之外的問題","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"迴歸到技術本身，區塊鏈技術對於數據的保護、確權以及管理和交易，提供了最好的解決方案。不過，這其中依舊存在着許多亟待解決和思考的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先就是歸屬問題。回到數據要素本身的話題上看，如何解決數據歸屬權與讓數據參與市場化配置的矛盾？我們將數據分爲兩大類：公共數據和個人與機構數據，那麼後者的數據權屬問題應該屬於生產者還是經營者，這目前仍是一個存在爭議的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有專家指出，數據權利客體應根據數據的內在層次進行劃分。信息在符號層上表現爲數據文件，而在內容層上數據文件中的信息內容爲數據信息，兩者應區分爲不同客體。還有人認爲，數據與信息是“工具和本體的關係”，數據指的是物理技術上的比特流，是傳遞信息的工具，並依賴於代碼。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了歸屬的認定，還有新技術迭代與監管發展中的時間差問題。目前在數據歸屬權和數據資產方面，我們還沒有專門的法律依據。關於數據確權的，我們大致可以依託的法律有《物權法》、《合同法》、《知識產權法》、《競爭法》、《個人信息保護法》等，但是這裏存在適用性的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"例如，如果要適用《物權法》首先要涉及數據屬性的判斷，即數據共有或私有的問題，而數據公有會忽視私益保護，數據私有又有違物權原則。而事實上，數據確權實質上並不強調一種唯一的獨佔權利，而是強調數據訪問和利用的權利。其他的情況，大致類似。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，數據治理的宏觀問題。比如，過於強調數據的所有權，可能會導致“數據孤島”現象的出現。而根據大數據5V的要求，在Volume（大量）、Variety（多樣）方面可能就會出現一些衝突等等……","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"結 語","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總的來說，數字經濟時代的發展特徵，無疑決定了數據要素將成爲未來社會的基礎性資源。而數據要素的快速增長與總量趨於無限的特性，本身蘊含着巨大的價值。同時其極大的流動性與極低的邊際成本，讓數據要素可以進一步產生更多數據，大幅提升其他要素的生產效率，快速釋放紅利，爲數字經濟培育出新的增長點。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於企業經營，未來一定都將面臨着巨大的變革，數據要素的重要性不容忽視。旺鏈科技認爲，唯一不變的就是變化本身，只有勇於嘗試、探索和創新的企業，才能在數字經濟時代，抓住時代的機遇，形成自己有效的競爭護城河。儘管這條路在現在看起來，似乎還不是那麼的簡單。","attrs":{}}]}]}