10 個角度分析軟件工程師應該知道的 100 件事

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"構建軟件"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"過早優化是萬惡之源。不要低估了這個說法的有效性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"你很少需要自己從頭開始去開發一些東西，幾乎每一種應用場景都已經有了相應的庫和依賴項。所以，不要重複發明輪子。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"搞清楚問題域是找到解決方案之前的第一步，但我們卻經常會跳過第一步，直接去尋找解決方案。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不要太過於追求完美。首先，讓它能夠正常運行，然後再去優化。優先級最高的事情應該是先保證交付。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"糟糕的程序員操心代碼，優秀的程序員操心數據結構以及它們之間的關係。--Linus Torvalds"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":6,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在代碼註釋中解釋你爲什麼要寫這些代碼，而不是解釋你在做什麼。但不要過度描述，不要把註釋當成小說寫。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":7,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"有意義的錯誤日誌可以節省大量的調試時間。在錯誤日誌中提供所有相關信息，而不僅僅是“error occurred in Function X!”另外不要記錄任何敏感信息或個人信息。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":8,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"100% 的代碼行或分支覆蓋率並不意味着你的代碼就沒有 bug。測試用例要覆蓋所有的功能需求，而不是覆蓋代碼行或分支。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":9,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果你在修復 bug，請編寫相應的測試用例，那麼這個 bug 就不會在未來某個時刻出現。bug 的出現通常是因爲錯誤的假設，爲所有這些錯誤的假設編寫測試用例將會讓應用程序變得更加健壯。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":10,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在人們閱讀你的代碼時，讓他們能夠在不記住超過 7 樣東西的情況下理解你的代碼。因爲人類大腦的短期記憶無法同時記住 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0033-295X.101.2.343","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7 樣以上"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的東西。這也是爲什麼很多代碼檢查器在遇到包含超過 7 個參數的函數時就會發出警告。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":11,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不要因爲別人告訴你要怎樣去做一件事情，你就照做。你要明白爲什麼要這麼做，如果你不信服，可以挑戰一下。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":12,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"解決問題應該是每個工程師都最擅長的技能。你所在的組織有很多問題需要解決，所以請開始解決問題吧。雖然不是所有問題都能夠得到解決，但在嘗試解決問題的過程中你會學到很多。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"系統設計"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":"13","normalizeStart":"13"},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":13,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"最好的系統設計通常是最簡單的。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Keep it simple, stupid!"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"（"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KISS_principle","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"KISS"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 原則）。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":14,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"設計模式和最佳實踐並非銀彈。一個好的工程師遵循最佳實踐，但一個優秀的工程師知道什麼時候打破最佳實踐。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":15,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"理解抽象。代碼中引入的不必要的複雜性通常是由於糟糕的抽象導致的。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":16,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一個系統的健壯程度取決於它最薄弱的地方。所以，請關注系統的瓶頸部分。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":17,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"偏離主要源頭越遠，事情就越糟糕。所以，儘量減少跳躍，這個原則適用於技術和非技術方面。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":18,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不存在完美的解決方案，一切都是權衡的結果。列出解決方案的優點和缺點，以及你的真正要求。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":19,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"你在項目中引入的每一項技術都有相應的風險。衡量風險並制定降低風險的計劃，不穿救生衣就不要往海里跳。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":20,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"避免過早抽象。解決你現在的問題，這樣就夠了。當你看到類似的問題或者模式出現時，這個時候應該考慮對其進行抽象。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":21,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“軟件設計有兩種方法：一種是保持簡單，簡單到沒有明顯的缺陷，另一種是讓它變得複雜，複雜到沒有明顯的缺陷。第一種方法要困難得多，因爲要保持簡單是很難的”。——Tony Hoare。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":22,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不要對編程語言或框架有太多偏見。如果你喜歡某種編程語言，不要過於崇拜它，也不要到處用它。如果你討厭它，也不要一直抱怨它。每種編程語言或框架都是爲特定的場景而設計的。作爲工程師，你的工作是爲特定場景選擇正確的工具。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":23,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當你弄清楚代碼是怎樣運行，卻忘記了爲什麼要這麼做，那麼代碼中就有很多不必要的抽象和複雜性需要清理。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":24,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一旦複雜性累積起來，就很難消除。不要認爲你當下做出的變更所帶來的一點點複雜性沒什麼大不了的，如果每個開發人員都這麼做，複雜性就會成倍地增加。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":25,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果你決定要重寫某個組件或服務，請三思而後行。讀代碼比寫代碼難，這就是爲什麼“重寫軟件”的想法在軟件開發中非常常見。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":26,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不要猶豫，去挑戰高級工程師或架構師提出的設計，有時候你的設計比他們的更好。提出有說服力的觀點並進行客觀比較，但不要做一個盲目自信的混蛋。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":27,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"大多數時候，靜態類型語言比動態類型語言要好，儘管靜態類型系統帶來了一些額外的開銷。這也是爲什麼 TypeScript 會是最受歡迎的編程語言之一。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一些其他貼士"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":"28","normalizeStart":"28"},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":28,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"優化代碼，讓它們更容易被讀懂。冗長乏味的20行代碼總比晦澀難懂的1行代碼要好。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":29,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"新手容易與自己編寫的代碼建立情感聯繫，但在敏捷開發環境中，需求和代碼會不斷髮生變化，所以你要習慣於不斷修改和刪除舊代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":30,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對於任何一個問題都要想出不止一種解決方法。試圖找到多個解決方案會迫使你以不同的方式思考問題，在有了不同的解決方案之後，你就可以做出權衡。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":31,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"你負責的模塊越多，獲得的領域知識就越多。你擁有的領域知識越多，需要參加的會議就越多。你參加的會議越多，寫的代碼就越少。通過記錄和分享領域知識來打破這個鏈條，這樣你就不會成爲唯一的瓶頸點。當然，我也知道這說起來容易做起來難。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":32,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當你在某個問題上困了很長一段時間而沒有任何進展時，重新描述這個問題或向別人解釋這個問題，大多數情況下這樣做都會有神奇的效果。爲什麼小黃鴨調試法會如此受歡迎，現在你應該知道答案了。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":33,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"你不需要在理解了整個代碼庫之後纔開始工作。在瞭解了系統架構和生命週期之後，就可以開始開發你的模塊，不要浪費時間去了解每一類是幹什麼的。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":34,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"代碼是負債而不是資產。代碼越多，需要閱讀、理解、測試和維護的代碼就越多。最好的代碼是沒有代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":35,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"學習如何在StackOverflow上提問題。你可能很少需要在這類平臺上提問題，但是當你使用的庫或框架只有很有限的文檔或用戶時，這就成了一項有用的技能。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":36,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果你發現了其他模塊出現了bug，請通知相應的開發人員，或者在Scrum中提及，不要因爲這些模塊不是你負責的就置之不理。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":37,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"你編寫的函數應該沒有副作用，這樣易於進行獨立的測試。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":38,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"看在上帝的份上，請不要自己編寫日期格式化或日期解析函數。每種編程語言都有很多流行的庫，使用它們就可以了，日期和時區問題比你想象的要複雜得多。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"關於安全"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":"39","normalizeStart":"39"},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":39,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"每個開發人員都應該知道如何編寫安全的代碼。基於糟糕的設計或抽象寫代碼是可以的，但有安全漏洞的代碼絕對不行。寫代碼前先了解一下OWASP項目（"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/owasp.org\/www-project-top-ten\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/owasp.org\/www-project-top-ten\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"）。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":40,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type"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