阿里行癲：如何理解當下的雲計算

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"10月19日，在 2021 雲棲大會上，阿里雲智能總裁張建鋒（花名：行癲）以“雲深處，新世界”爲主題，首次闡釋了一個全新的雲上世界。他認爲，一個以云爲核心的新型計算體系結構正在形成，隨着雲網端技術進一步融合，未來無論企業或個人，計算將進一步向雲上遷移。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這個全新的體系正在三個層次演進：首先在基礎設施層，雲向下定義硬件，自研芯片、服務器、操作系統等底層技術，建設云爲核心的硬件體系；其次，核心軟件基於雲來重構，開源社區成爲創新中心，並催生低代碼等新的開發方式，讓雲更易用；最後在應用層，未來隨着5G網絡發展，計算和數據加速向雲上遷移，催生雲電腦、"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/UbukGskSd1Gl6exUbJBw","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元宇宙"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"、自動駕駛等新物種。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/77\/7778d50efd266f617033ac1d1610de50.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“雲原生 3.0 ”時代的幾個關鍵問題"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"過去的一個世紀，數字科技得到了非常大的發展，基本由兩條主線組成：ICT產業、IT產業，兩個產業相互驅動，並行發展。ICT的發展，也催生了互聯網和移動互聯網等一系列新興的技術，讓超大規模計算集羣，成爲了互聯網企業的剛性需求，也直接催生了新架構的誕生。張建鋒說："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“互聯網架構的本質就是分佈式的計算，它是用非常廉價的PC機組成非常複雜的系統。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在張建鋒看來，雲計算的發展經歷了三個階段，分別是："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"雲原生 1.0：基礎設施雲原生化，基本上是 IT 的替代或擴張和延伸；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/pcGYJ6T5IimHYoJkywcp","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲原生 2.0"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"：應用雲原生化，誕生了很多基於雲原生的系統，它們基於容器開發，用 Kubernetes 來調度，深刻改變了雲上操作系統的形態；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"雲原生 3.0：雲網端同步發展，進行融合。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這也對雲計算技術提出了新的要求："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"資源的高度池化：雖然池化一直是雲計算提供服務的核心邏輯，但一般是邊界和限制的。阿里巴巴似乎正嘗試擴大這個邊界，以盤古存儲系統爲例，張建鋒分享道：“今天我們的盤古存儲系統不僅能夠提供應用級的存儲，我們也能提供系統級的存儲。”"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"更高水平的虛擬化的服務：不僅是在軟件層面做虛擬化，而且要在硬件層面做虛擬化，神龍架構是這一部分的典型成果；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"低能耗地管理超大規模服務器集羣：據張建鋒介紹，阿里在杭州的數據中心，嘗試大規模地採用了液冷，通過把服務器浸沒在特殊的液體裏面，使 PUE（PowerUsageEffectiveness， 電源使用效率）達到 1.09 左右。通常，PUE 值越接近於 1，表示一個數據中心的綠色化程度越高。當前，國外先進的數據中心機房PUE值通常小於 2，而我國的大多數數據中心的PUE值在 2 - 3 之間；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"服務器和算力升級：需要有一種新型的服務器的架構，能夠兼顧高性能的存儲、高性能的計算，大容量的存儲；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"數據安全：包括芯片級加固、全鏈路數據加密、數據安全治理與隱私增強計算等。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開源社區的重要性日益凸顯"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在雲基礎設施之上，雲原生技術取代了傳統 IT 軟件，並在開源社區蓬勃發展。傳統 IT 軟件被雲原生技術取代。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"張建鋒認爲，在傳統IT時代，開源軟件只是大型商業軟件的補充，但云計算出現之後，開源變得標準化。近年來雲原生技術的創新大多來自開源社區，例如容器改變了傳統的應用架構，併成爲行業標準。他表示，阿里巴巴是開源的受益者，也是貢獻者，開源項目數超過2700個，是中國開源項目最多的企業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"再此之上，基於雲的軟件開發方式發生了根本變化。張建鋒認爲，大型軟件向系統軟件轉變，應用軟件讓企業自己開發。大型商業軟件不僅意味着高昂的成本、還面臨漫長的諮詢和實施週期，但"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/YioVaIhq4meev8iVMEW5","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"低代碼"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不一樣，任何業務人員、哪怕不懂代碼，也可以搭建自己的應用，加快創新速度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"以往企業面試可能會詢問面試者：會不會使用 Word、Excel、PS。未來，面試官可能會問：會不會使用低代碼平臺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"於阿里而言，以上暢想並非空談。張建鋒說，阿里巴巴已經把生產系統100%的全部遷移到了公共雲上，並且實現應用 100% 雲原生化，落地了全球最大規模的雲原生實踐，“正在享受雲原生的紅利”。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元宇宙是雲、網、端深度融合的結果"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"張建鋒認爲，未來將出現無數的雲上新物種，這樣的技術爆發已經有了很堅實的基礎，我們完成了基礎設施的建設，即將看到“電器”爆發一樣的時代機遇。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"他舉例說，雲、網、端的深度融合，已經催生出雲電腦、元宇宙、自動駕駛等新物種，而云遊戲可能是新物種伸向新技術的第一根觸手。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"例如阿里巴巴發佈的“無影”，它僅有名片大小，適配所有屏幕，連上阿里雲就是一臺超級電腦。工程師們已經在使用無影進行編程，因爲數據都在雲端，不在本地電腦存儲，工程師不用再擔心核心代碼的泄露，也不用再購置高配硬件，就能隨時隨地使用無限算力，處理各種複雜計算需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/1b\/b3\/1be6aeca9be10f1d34866d5626ed57b3.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 張建鋒認爲，“未來所有數據都將在雲上，不管你用什麼樣的設備、有多少設備，每個人、每個企業在雲上有一個專屬空間，所有的計算負載可能都在雲上發生。未來，端的形態將變得更輕薄、更友好，以滿足隨時隨地的創新。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]}]}