Linux 年度報告發布：2021 預計虧損300w，重點關注開源硬件

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"12月6日，Linux 社區的 2021 年度報告發布，報告中盤點了過去一年 Linux 基金會的社區發展情況、KubeCon + CloudNativeCon 舉辦的基本情況，社區主要推進的工作，包括雲計算基礎設施、金融科技開源基金會等；同樣也指出了接下來將要面臨的挑戰，包括軟件供應鏈安全、創建人工智能與數據基金會、創建開放硬件等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作爲開源社區建設的必選項，Linux 每年都會發布，而 2021 恰好是 Linux 誕生 30 週年（1991年8月）。據 Linux 基金會公開的數據顯示，截止到今天，85%的智能手機運行在以 Linux 爲基礎的安卓系統上；Top 500 超級計算機全部運行在 Linux 系統上；96% 的 Top 1 million 服務器運行在 Linux 系統上；90% 的雲基礎設施構建在 Linux 系統上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"本文將快速盤點報告中值得注意的關鍵內容。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Linux 基金會 2021 社區發展情況"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2021 基金會共有 2300 名成員，其中 48% 位於美洲、21%位於亞太、31% 位於 EMEAR（歐洲、中東、非洲和俄羅斯）。在過去 5 年中，基金會新增 1000 多名會員，增長率 280%，會員續費率 80%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"過去 20 年間，Linux 社區已經從單純的 Linux 內核擴展爲覆蓋雲、容器、網絡、AI 等領域開發者的超大開源社區。其中 22.7% 的內容爲 雲 & 容器 & 虛擬化 領域相關；網絡領域內容佔比 15%，位列第二；Web & APP 開發內容佔比 13.6%，位列第三。佔比最小的領域是“視覺特效”，僅爲 0.8%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Linux 基金會社區本身關注的方向有四大類，分別是開源硬件、開放標準、開放數據、開放硬件，佔比分別爲 75%、20%、3%、2%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/02\/02c10bb967bad750efa1c7c205fe725d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Linux 基金會主要有四個收入來源：會員資格和捐贈、項目支持、培訓和認證以及活動註冊和贊助。2021 年，預計收入爲 1.77 億美元。但同時，預計支出爲 1.8 億美元，預計虧損 300 萬美元。其公佈的具體收支情況如下，可以看見其會費和捐贈佔總收入的 55.5%，而最大支出項目支持，佔比 56.3%："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0d\/0dc797f5451d67efbbb565ffc7202014.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CNCF 與 KubeCon & CloudNativeCon"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2021，CNCF通過託管16個畢業項目、26個孵化項目和78個沙箱項目，由代表 186 個國家的 13.7 萬名貢獻者推動，兌現了讓雲原生無處不在的承諾。其中沙箱項目的年增長率爲 20%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2021 年，CNCF 技術監督委員會更加關注應用程序交付，以及創建 Kubernetes 應用程序的便利性，並支持日益成熟的存儲項目。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"KubeCon & CloudNativeCon 的歐洲區也創下了註冊和出席人數記錄 —— 共有 26,648 名開發者註冊（比2020年增長了42.5%），出席率 63%，69% 是首次參加 KubeCon + CloudNativeCon，95% 的受訪者將活動評爲“好”、“非常好”或“優秀”，總體平均評分爲 4.1 \/ 5。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"已完成和正在進行的研究報告"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Linux 基金會爲了保持對行業、產業的洞察，每年也會組織一些研究工作。據年度報告展示，已完成的研究包括："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/openssf.org","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第四次年度開源項目管理(OSPO)調查"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，與 TODO Group 和 New Stack 合作製作，調查了開源項目的流行率、結果、優勢和障礙。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/ossf\/allstar","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年數據和存儲趨勢調查"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，與 SODA 基金會合作，確定了雲原生時代數據和存儲的當前挑戰、差距、趨勢，領域涵蓋雲原生、邊緣計算、人工智能和5G。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/ossf\/scorecard","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年金融服務開源狀況報告"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，與FINOS、ScottLogic、Wipro 和 GitHub合作製作，探討了金融服務領域的開源狀況。該報告確定了該行業當前開源軟件和標準的消費和貢獻水平，以及開源領域的治理、文化問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/linuxfoundation.org\/tools\/the-2021-open-source-jobs-report","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第九屆年度開源就業報告"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，與 edX 合作製作，解讀開源人才狀況。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其中的核心調研包括："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"《軟件材料清單(SBOM)準備調查》，與開源安全基金會、開放鏈和 SPDX 聯合制作，是LF（Linux Foundation）系列項目中的第一個。研究方向是如何更好地保護軟件供應鏈，方法是對IT 專業人員進行全球調查。前提是，這些參與調查的 IT 人員必須瞭解其公司在採購、合規性或安全措施等領域的核心軟件方法。美國最近發佈了網絡安全行政命令，成爲推動這項調查開展的重要因素。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"《2021 多樣性、公平和開源投入研究》，與亞馬遜雲科技、CHAOSS、康卡斯特、富士通、GitHub、GitLab、日立、華爲、英立、Intel、NEC、松下、紅帽、Renesa 合作製作，目的是呈現開源社區的人口統計數據和動態，並確定開源社區發展差距，促進包容性文化的發展。旨在推動關於未來規劃和干預措施的數據驅動決策，以最終使開源社區的技術人受益。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"接下來的重點工作方向"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"ELISA(Enabling Linux in Safety Applications)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"該項目旨在創建一組共享的工具和流程，以幫助公司構建和認證基於 linux 的 saf （交流串聯電弧故障）故障。Linux 是自動駕駛汽車、醫療設備、火箭等設施、工具的核心組建，ELISA 可以使各公司更容易構建、測試和分析這些安全關鍵系統。ELISA 的創始會員包括 Arm, BMW Car IT GmbH, KUKA, Linutronix 和 Toyota，新成員包括英特爾\/移動眼、鈴木等，風河，以及雷根斯堡應用科學技術大學。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"該項目剛剛完成了第五次研討會，可能是因爲疫情，最後兩個研討會必須虛擬舉行。研討會將確定如何彌補現有功能安全標準和 Linux 內核開發速度之間的差距。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"與 OpenJS 基金會解決 JavaScript 的穩定性和增長問題"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"OpenJS 是兩年前由Node.js和JS基金會合並而創建的一個全球社區，主辦了38個JavaScript項目，包括Node.js。全球疫情大流行使OpenJS基金會更接近其託管的JavaScript項目的最終用戶和貢獻者。世界上超過97%的網站都在使用JavaScript 是網絡商務、經濟增長和創新的基礎。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Linux 基金會希望在標準制定社區中變得更活躍，建立傳統標準項目的治理和流程結構，在LFX中正在開發的項目上線和報告工具，允許項目以較低的開銷快速引入新的貢獻者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其他重點工作方向還包括："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"與 LF AI & 大數據 基金會一起建立社區，與 Open19 一起建立開放硬件生態系統，通過 RISC-V、OpenPOWER和芯片聯盟創建開放處理器體系結構，面向開放大型機項目尋找下一代cobol程序員"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"詳細內容參見報告："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.linuxfoundation.org\/tools\/linux-foundation-annual-report-2021\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.linuxfoundation.org\/tools\/linux-foundation-annual-report-2021\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}