HTTP mime 定義

 最早的HTTP協議中,並沒有附加的數據類型信息,所有傳送的數據都被客戶程序解釋爲超文本標記語言HTML 文檔,而爲了支持多媒體數據類型,HTTP協議中就使用了附加在文檔之前的MIME數據類型信息來標識數據類型。

  MIME意爲多目Internet郵件擴展,它設計的最初目的是爲了在發送電子郵件時附加多媒體數據,讓郵件客戶程序能根據其類型進行處理。然而當它被HTTP協議支持之後,它的意義就更爲顯著了。它使得HTTP傳輸的不僅是普通的文本,而變得豐富多彩。
  每個MIME類型由兩部分組成,前面是數據的大類別,例如聲音audio、圖象p_w_picpath等,後面定義具體的種類。
  常見的MIME類型
  超文本標記語言文本 .html text/html
  xml文檔 .xml text/xml
  XHTML文檔 .xhtml application/xhtml+xml
  普通文本 .txt text/plain
  RTF文本 .rtf application/rtf
  PDF文檔 .pdf application/pdf
  Microsoft Word文件 .word application/msword
  PNG圖像 .png p_w_picpath/png
  GIF圖形 .gif p_w_picpath/gif
  JPEG圖形 .jpeg,.jpg p_w_picpath/jpeg
  au聲音文件 .au audio/basic
  MIDI音樂文件 mid,.midi audio/midi,audio/x-midi
  RealAudio音樂文件 .ra, .ram audio/x-pn-realaudio
  MPEG文件 .mpg,.mpeg video/mpeg
  AVI文件 .avi video/x-msvideo
  GZIP文件 .gz application/x-gzip
  TAR文件 .tar application/x-tar
  任意的二進制數據 application/octet-stream
  Internet中有一個專門組織IANA來確認標準的MIME類型,但Internet發展的太快,很多應用程序等不及IANA來確認他們使用的MIME類型爲標準類型。因此他們使用在類別中以x-開頭的方法標識這個類別還沒有成爲標準,例如:x-gzip,x-tar等。事實上這些類型運用的很廣泛,已經成爲了事實標準。只要客戶機和服務器共同承認這個MIME類型,即使它是不標準的類型也沒有關係,客戶程序就能根據MIME類型,採用具體的處理手段來處理數據。而Web服務器和瀏覽器(包括操作系統)中,缺省都設置了標準的和常見的MIME類型,只有對於不常見的 MIME類型,才需要同時設置服務器和客戶瀏覽器,以進行識別。
  由於MIME類型與文檔的後綴相關,因此服務器使用文檔的後綴來區分不同文件的MIME類型,服務器中必須定義文檔後綴和MIME類型之間的對應關係。而客戶程序從服務器上接收數據的時候,它只是從服務器接受數據流,並不瞭解文檔的名字,因此服務器必須使用附加信息來告訴客戶程序數據的MIME類型。服務器在發送真正的數據之前,就要先發送標誌數據的MIME類型的信息,這個信息使用Content-type關鍵字進行定義,例如對於HTML文檔,服務器將首先發送以下兩行MIME標識信息,這個標識並不是真正的數據文件的一部分。
  Content-type: text/html
  注意,第二行爲一個空行,這是必須的,使用這個空行的目的是將MIME信息與真正的數據內容分隔開。
  MIME利用了一個事實就是,RFC 822在消息體的內容中做了一點限制:唯一的限制就是隻能使用簡單的ASCII文本。所以,MIME信息由正常的Internet文本郵件組成,文本郵件擁有一些特別的符合RFC 822的信息頭和格式化過的信息體(用ASCII 的子集來表示的附件)。這些MIME頭給出了一種在郵件中表示附件的特別的方法。
  MIME信息的剖析
  一個普通的文本郵件的信息包含一個頭部分(To: From: Subject: 等等)和一個體部分(Hello Mr.,等等)。在一個符合MIME的信息中,也包含一個信息頭並不奇怪,郵件的各個部分叫做MIME段,每段前也綴以一個特別的頭。MIME郵件只是基於RFC 822郵件的一個擴展。然而它有着自己的RFC規範集。
  頭字段
  MIME頭根據在郵件包中的位置,大體上分爲MIME信息頭和MIME段頭。(譯者:MIME信息頭指整個郵件的頭,而MIME段頭只每個MIME段的頭。)
  MIME信息頭有:
  MIME-Version:
  這個頭提供了所用MIME的版本號。這個值習慣上爲1.0。
  Content-Type:
  它定義了數據的類型,以便數據能被適當的處理。有效的類型有:text,
  p_w_picpath,audio,video, applications,multipart和message。注意任何一個二進制附件都應該被叫做application/octet- stream。這個頭的一些用例爲:p_w_picpath/jpg, application/mswork,multipart/mixed,這只是很少的一部分。
  Content-Transfer-Encoding:
  這是所有頭中最重要的一個,因爲它說明了對數據所執行的編碼方式,客
  戶/MUA 將用它對附件進行解碼。對於每個附件,可以使用7bit,8bit,
  binary ,quoted-printable,base64和custom中的一種編碼方式。7bit編碼是用在US ASCII字符集上的常用的一種編碼方式,也就是,保持它的原樣。8bit和binary編碼一般不用。對人類可讀的標準文本,如果傳輸要經過對格式有影響的網關時對其進行保護,可以使用quoted printable 。Base64是一種通用方法,在需要決定使用哪一種編碼方法時,它提供了一個不用費腦子的選擇;它通常用在二進制,非文本數據上。注意,任何非7bit 數據必須用一種模式編碼,這樣它就可以通過Internet郵件網關!
  Content-ID:
  如果Content-Type是message/external-body或multipart/alternative時,這個
  頭就有用了。它超出了本文的範圍。
  Content-Description:
  這是一個可選的頭。它是任何信息段內容的自由文本描述。描述必須使用us-ascii碼。
  Content-Disposition:
  一個試驗性的頭,它用於給客戶程序/MUA提供提示,來決定是否在行內顯示附件或作爲單獨的附件。
  MIME段頭(出現在實際的MIME附件部分的頭),除了MIME-Version頭,可以擁有以上任何頭字段。如果一個MIME頭是信息塊的一部分,它將作用於整個信息體。例如,如果Content-Transfer-Encoding顯示在信息(指整個信息)頭中,它應用於整個信息體,但是如果它顯示在一個MIME段裏,它"只能"用於那個段中.
  注意:其可以對自動對收到的郵件進行解密
編輯本段
MIME類型大全
 
  格式前面爲後輟名,後面爲對應的MIME型(例如:rar application/x-rar-compressed 表示.RAR對應的是application/x-rar-compressed )
  application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3
  3gp video/3gpp
  aab application/x-authoware-bin
  aam application/x-authoware-map
  aas application/x-authoware-seg
  ai application/postscript
  aif audio/x-aiff
  aifc audio/x-aiff
  aiff audio/x-aiff
  als audio/X-Alpha5
  amc application/x-mpeg
  ani application/octet-stream
  asc text/plain
  asd application/astound
  asf video/x-ms-asf
  asn application/astound
  asp application/x-asap
  asx video/x-ms-asf
  au audio/basic
  avb application/octet-stream
  avi video/x-msvideo
  awb audio/amr-wb
  bcpio application/x-bcpio
  bin application/octet-stream
  bld application/bld
  bld2 application/bld2
  bmp application/x-MS-bmp
  bpk application/octet-stream
  bz2 application/x-bzip2
  cal p_w_picpath/x-cals
  ccn application/x-cnc
  cco application/x-cocoa
  cdf application/x-netcdf
  cgi magnus-internal/cgi
  chat application/x-chat
  class application/octet-stream
  clp application/x-msclip
  cmx application/x-cmx
  co application/x-cult3d-object
  cod p_w_picpath/cis-cod
  cpio application/x-cpio
  cpt application/mac-compactpro
  crd application/x-mscardfile
  csh application/x-csh
  csm chemical/x-csml
  csml chemical/x-csml
  css text/css
  cur application/octet-stream
  dcm x-lml/x-evm
  dcr application/x-director
  dcx p_w_picpath/x-dcx
  dhtml text/html
  dir application/x-director
  dll application/octet-stream
  dmg application/octet-stream
  dms application/octet-stream
  doc application/msword
  dot application/x-dot
  dvi application/x-dvi
  dwf drawing/x-dwf
  dwg application/x-autocad
  dxf application/x-autocad
  dxr application/x-director
  ebk application/x-expandedbook
  emb chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide
  embl chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide
  eps application/postscript
  epub application/epub+zip
  eri p_w_picpath/x-eri
  es audio/echospeech
  esl audio/echospeech
  etc application/x-earthtime
  etx text/x-setext
  evm x-lml/x-evm
  evy application/x-envoy
  exe application/octet-stream
  fh4 p_w_picpath/x-freehand
  fh5 p_w_picpath/x-freehand
  fhc p_w_picpath/x-freehand
  fif p_w_picpath/fif
  fm application/x-maker
  fpx p_w_picpath/x-fpx
  fvi video/isivideo
  gau chemical/x-gaussian-input
  gca application/x-gca-compressed
  gdb x-lml/x-gdb
  gif p_w_picpath/gif
  gps application/x-gps
  gtar application/x-gtar
  gz application/x-gzip
  hdf application/x-hdf
  hdm text/x-hdml
  hdml text/x-hdml
  hlp application/winhlp
  hqx application/mac-binhex40
  htm text/html
  html text/html
  hts text/html
  ice x-conference/x-cooltalk
  ico application/octet-stream
  ief p_w_picpath/ief
  ifm p_w_picpath/gif
  ifs p_w_picpath/ifs
  imy audio/melody
  ins application/x-NET-Install
  ips application/x-ipscript
  ipx application/x-ipix
  it audio/x-mod
  itz audio/x-mod
  ivr i-world/i-vrml
  j2k p_w_picpath/j2k
  jad text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor
  jam application/x-jam
  jar application/java-archive
  jnlp application/x-java-jnlp-file
  jpe p_w_picpath/jpeg
  jpeg p_w_picpath/jpeg
  jpg p_w_picpath/jpeg
  jpz p_w_picpath/jpeg
  js application/x-javascript
  jwc application/jwc
  kjx application/x-kjx
  lak x-lml/x-lak
  latex application/x-latex
  lcc application/fastman
  lcl application/x-digitalloca
  lcr application/x-digitalloca
  lgh application/lgh
  lha application/octet-stream
  lml x-lml/x-lml
  lmlpack x-lml/x-lmlpack
  lsf video/x-ms-asf
  lsx video/x-ms-asf
  lzh application/x-lzh
  m13 application/x-msmediaview
  m14 application/x-msmediaview
  m15 audio/x-mod
  m3u audio/x-mpegurl
  m3url audio/x-mpegurl
  ma1 audio/ma1
  ma2 audio/ma2
  ma3 audio/ma3
  ma5 audio/ma5
  man application/x-troff-man
  map magnus-internal/p_w_picpathmap
  mbd application/mbedlet
  mct application/x-mascot
  mdb application/x-msaccess
  mdz audio/x-mod
  me application/x-troff-me
  mel text/x-vmel
  mi application/x-mif
  mid audio/midi
  midi audio/midi
  mif application/x-mif
  mil p_w_picpath/x-cals
  mio audio/x-mio
  mmf application/x-skt-lbs
  mng video/x-mng
  mny application/x-msmoney
  moc application/x-mocha
  mocha application/x-mocha
  mod audio/x-mod
  mof application/x-yumekara
  mol chemical/x-mdl-molfile
  mop chemical/x-mopac-input
  mov video/quicktime
  movie video/x-sgi-movie
  mp2 audio/x-mpeg
  mp3 audio/x-mpeg
  mp4 video/mp4
  mpc application/vnd.mpohun.certificate
  mpe video/mpeg
  mpeg video/mpeg
  mpg video/mpeg
  mpg4 video/mp4
  mpga audio/mpeg
  mpn application/vnd.mophun.application
  mpp application/vnd.ms-project
  mps application/x-mapserver
  mrl text/x-mrml
  mrm application/x-mrm
  ms application/x-troff-ms
  mts application/metastream
  mtx application/metastream
  mtz application/metastream
  mzv application/metastream
  nar application/zip
  nbmp p_w_picpath/nbmp
  nc application/x-netcdf
  ndb x-lml/x-ndb
  ndwn application/ndwn
  nif application/x-nif
  nmz application/x-scream
  nokia-op-logo p_w_picpath/vnd.nok-oplogo-color
  npx application/x-netfpx
  nsnd audio/nsnd
  nva application/x-neva1
  oda application/oda
  oom application/x-AtlasMate-Plugin
  pac audio/x-pac
  pae audio/x-epac
  pan application/x-pan
  pbm p_w_picpath/x-portable-bitmap
  pcx p_w_picpath/x-pcx
  pda p_w_picpath/x-pda
  pdb chemical/x-pdb
  pdf application/pdf
  pfr application/font-tdpfr
  pgm p_w_picpath/x-portable-graymap
  pict p_w_picpath/x-pict
  pm application/x-perl
  pmd application/x-pmd
  png p_w_picpath/png
  pnm p_w_picpath/x-portable-anymap
  pnz p_w_picpath/png
  pot application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
  ppm p_w_picpath/x-portable-pixmap
  pps application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
  ppt application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
  pqf application/x-cprplayer
  pqi application/cprplayer
  prc application/x-prc
  proxy application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig
  ps application/postscript
  ptlk application/listenup
  pub application/x-mspublisher
  pvx video/x-pv-pvx
  qcp audio/vnd.qcelp
  qt video/quicktime
  qti p_w_picpath/x-quicktime
  qtif p_w_picpath/x-quicktime
  r3t text/vnd.rn-realtext3d
  ra audio/x-pn-realaudio
  ram audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rar application/x-rar-compressed
  ras p_w_picpath/x-cmu-raster
  rdf application/rdf+xml
  rf p_w_picpath/vnd.rn-realflash
  rgb p_w_picpath/x-rgb
  rlf application/x-richlink
  rm audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rmf audio/x-rmf
  rmm audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rmvb audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rnx application/vnd.rn-realplayer
  roff application/x-troff
  rp p_w_picpath/vnd.rn-realpix
  rpm audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin
  rt text/vnd.rn-realtext
  rte x-lml/x-gps
  rtf application/rtf
  rtg application/metastream
  rtx text/richtext
  rv video/vnd.rn-realvideo
  rwc application/x-rogerwilco
  s3m audio/x-mod
  s3z audio/x-mod
  sca application/x-supercard
  scd application/x-msschedule
  sdf application/e-score
  sea application/x-stuffit
  sgm text/x-sgml
  sgml text/x-sgml
  sh application/x-sh
  shar application/x-shar
  shtml magnus-internal/parsed-html
  shw application/presentations
  si6 p_w_picpath/si6
  si7 p_w_picpath/vnd.stiwap.sis
  si9 p_w_picpath/vnd.lgtwap.sis
  sis application/vnd.symbian.install
  sit application/x-stuffit
  skd application/x-Koan
  skm application/x-Koan
  skp application/x-Koan
  skt application/x-Koan
  slc application/x-salsa
  smd audio/x-smd
  smi application/smil
  smil application/smil
  smp application/studiom
  smz audio/x-smd
  snd audio/basic
  spc text/x-speech
  spl application/futuresplash
  spr application/x-sprite
  sprite application/x-sprite
  sdp application/sdp
  spt application/x-spt
  src application/x-wais-source
  stk application/hyperstudio
  stm audio/x-mod
  sv4cpio application/x-sv4cpio
  sv4crc application/x-sv4crc
  svf p_w_picpath/vnd
  svg p_w_picpath/svg-xml
  svh p_w_picpath/svh
  svr x-world/x-svr
  swf application/x-shockwave-flash
  swfl application/x-shockwave-flash
  t application/x-troff
  tad application/octet-stream
  talk text/x-speech
  tar application/x-tar
  taz application/x-tar
  tbp application/x-timbuktu
  tbt application/x-timbuktu
  tcl application/x-tcl
  tex application/x-tex
  texi application/x-texinfo
  texinfo application/x-texinfo
  tgz application/x-tar
  thm application/vnd.eri.thm
  tif p_w_picpath/tiff
  tiff p_w_picpath/tiff
  tki application/x-tkined
  tkined application/x-tkined
  toc application/toc
  toy p_w_picpath/toy
  tr application/x-troff
  trk x-lml/x-gps
  trm application/x-msterminal
  tsi audio/tsplayer
  tsp application/dsptype
  tsv text/tab-separated-values
  tsv text/tab-separated-values
  ttf application/octet-stream
  ttz application/t-time
  txt text/plain
  ult audio/x-mod
  ustar application/x-ustar
  uu application/x-uuencode
  uue application/x-uuencode
  vcd application/x-cdlink
  vcf text/x-vcard
  vdo video/vdo
  vib audio/vib
  viv video/vivo
  vivo video/vivo
  vmd application/vocaltec-media-desc
  vmf application/vocaltec-media-file
  vmi application/x-dreamcast-vms-info
  vms application/x-dreamcast-vms
  vox audio/voxware
  vqe audio/x-twinvq-plugin
  vqf audio/x-twinvq
  vql audio/x-twinvq
  vre x-world/x-vream
  vrml x-world/x-vrml
  vrt x-world/x-vrt
  vrw x-world/x-vream
  vts workbook/formulaone
  wav audio/x-wav
  wax audio/x-ms-wax
  wbmp p_w_picpath/vnd.wap.wbmp
  web application/vnd.xara
  wi p_w_picpath/wavelet
  wis application/x-InstallShield
  wm video/x-ms-wm
  wma audio/x-ms-wma
  wmd application/x-ms-wmd
  wmf application/x-msmetafile
  wml text/vnd.wap.wml
  wmlc application/vnd.wap.wmlc
  wmls text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
  wmlsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
  wmlscript text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
  wmv video/x-ms-wmv
  wmx video/x-ms-wmx
  wmz application/x-ms-wmz
  wpng p_w_picpath/x-up-wpng
  wpt x-lml/x-gps
  wri application/x-mswrite
  wrl x-world/x-vrml
  wrz x-world/x-vrml
  ws text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
  wsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
  wv video/wavelet
  wvx video/x-ms-wvx
  wxl application/x-wxl
  x-gzip application/x-gzip
  xar application/vnd.xara
  xbm p_w_picpath/x-xbitmap
  xdm application/x-xdma
  xdma application/x-xdma
  xdw application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks
  xht application/xhtml+xml
  xhtm application/xhtml+xml
  xhtml application/xhtml+xml
  xla application/vnd.ms-excel
  xlc application/vnd.ms-excel
  xll application/x-excel
  xlm application/vnd.ms-excel
  xls application/vnd.ms-excel
  xlt application/vnd.ms-excel
  xlw application/vnd.ms-excel
  xm audio/x-mod
  xml text/xml
  xmz audio/x-mod
  xpi application/x-xpinstall
  xpm p_w_picpath/x-xpixmap
  xsit text/xml
  xsl text/xml
  xul text/xul
  xwd p_w_picpath/x-xwindowdump
  xyz chemical/x-pdb
  yz1 application/x-yz1
  z application/x-compress
  zac application/x-zaurus-zac
  zip application/zip
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