1、總結rpm和yum實現程序包的管理功能.
RPM
RPM解釋：
RPM全稱爲RedhatPackageManager，最早由RedHat公司制定實施，隨後被GNU開源操作系統接受併成爲很多Linux系統(RHEL)的既定軟件標準.
RPM的特點就是將你要安裝的軟件先編譯過，並且打包成RPM機制的安裝包。
優點：（1）已經編譯好了，所以軟件安裝方便。
（2）在被安裝，會先檢查系統的硬盤容量，操作系統版本等，避免文件被錯誤安裝。
（3）rpm本身提供軟件版本信息，依賴屬性軟件名稱，軟件用途說明，軟件所含文件等信息。
程序包的組成部分：
二進制程序：/bin, /sbin,/ /usr/bin, /usr/sbin,
庫文件：/lib64, /usr/lib64
配置文件：/etc
幫助文件：manual, info,
命名規則：
以 zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm來說明:
zsh：是軟件的名字
4.3.11-4：這是軟件的版本號
e16：基於該版本的軟件包的發行版本號，有軟件打包商設置，不一定是原始軟件開發商.
x86_64:編譯的軟件包可以運行的處理器架構（x86_64）
特殊說明：
1、fcXX，elXX：表示這個軟件包的發行商版本，就像這裏的fc18，說明這個軟件包是在Fedora 18下使用的。而openssl-1.0.0-20.el6.x86_64.rpm表示這個軟件包是在RHEL 6.x(Red Hat Enterprise Linux)/CentOS 6.x下使用。
2、devel：表示這個RPM包是軟件的開發包，例如mysql-devel-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.i686.rpm。
3、noarch：說明這樣的軟件包可以在任何平臺上安裝，不需要特定的硬件平臺。在任何硬件平臺上都可以運行。
安裝，卸載類：
-i：install的意思。
-v:更詳細的安裝信息畫面
-h：顯示安裝進度
--nodeps：忽略依賴關係
--replacepkgs 重裝軟件包
-e：卸載軟件包
1.安裝rpm -ivh zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm 安裝軟件包:
2安裝rpm -ivh qt3-MySQL-3.3.8b-30.el6.x86_64.rpm 出現依賴包錯誤顯示：
如果要強制安裝此rpm包就需要 --nodeps 參數：
4.如果一個軟件已經安裝過但是想要重裝的話就需要--replacepkgs
5.如果要卸載一個軟件：rpm -e
查詢類：
-q：僅查詢，後面的軟件名稱是否安裝。
-qa：列出系統上已經安裝的所有軟件名稱。
-ql：列出該軟件所有的文件與目錄所在的完整文件名。
-qi：列出軟件的詳細信息，包含開發商版本說明。
-qf：查詢軟件由那個包生成的。
-qc：查看當前程序生成了哪些配置文件。
-p: 查詢針對是未安裝的程序包文件
1.查詢軟件包是否安裝：rpm -q name：
2.查詢已安裝的軟件：rpm -qa（我這裏一共安裝了454個軟件)
3.查詢zsh所有的文件目錄：rpm -ql
4.查詢zsh包含有的信息：rpm -qi
5.查詢軟件由哪個包生成的：rpm -qf
6.查詢當前軟件生成了哪些配置文件：rpm -qc
7.查詢針對未安裝的程序文件：rpm -qpi ，rpm -qpl
軟件更新：
-Uvh：後面跟的軟件如果沒有安裝過，則直接安裝，如果有安裝舊版，則系統自動更新。
-Fvh：後面跟的軟件如果沒有安裝過，則不會安裝，只有安裝到系統內部的軟件會被升級。
校驗：
rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]
S file Size differs
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type)
5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs
D Device major/minor number mismatch
L readLink(2) path mismatch
U User ownership differs
G Group ownership differs
T mTime differs
P caPabilities differ
實例：修改一個程序文件然後在校驗：rpm -V zsh
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -V zsh S.5....T. /usr/share/zsh/4.3.11/functions/zrecompile [root@localhost Packages]#
包校驗：
來源合法性驗正：非對稱加密
完整性驗正：單向加密
導入密鑰：rpm -ivh RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
校驗：rpm -K /PATH/TO/RPM_FILE
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -K zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm: rsa sha1 (md5) pgp md5 OK
YUM
YUM命令的解釋：
yum（全稱爲 Yellow dog Updater, Modified）是一個在Fedora和RedHat以及SUSE中的Shell前端軟件包管理器。基於RPM包管理，能夠從指定的服務器自動下載RPM包並且安裝，可以自動處理依賴性關係，並且一次安裝所有依賴的軟體包，無須繁瑣地一次次下載、安裝。yum提供了查找、安裝、刪除某一個、一組甚至全部軟件包的命令，而且命令簡潔而又好記。
yum程序的配置文件：
/etc/yum.conf
定義全局配置：對所有倉庫都適用的配置
/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo
一個文件通常用於一個或一組功能相近或相關的倉庫
定義一個倉庫指向：
[REPO_ID]
name=
baseurl=
# mirrorlist=SCHEME://HOSTNAME/PATH/TO/MIRROR_LIST_FILE
enabled={1|0}
gpgcheck={1|0}
gpgkey=
cost=比如創建阿里源和epel源：
[centos] name=Centos aliyun baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/6/os/x86_64/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 [Fedora-epel] name=Fedora-epel baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/6Server/x86_64/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=0
1.安裝類
yum install 安裝:yum install wget
[root@localhost Packages]# yum install wget 省略： Running Transaction Installing : wget-1.12-5.el6_6.1.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : wget-1.12-5.el6_6.1.x86_64 1/1 Installed: wget.x86_64 0:1.12-5.el6_6.1 Complete! [root@localhost Packages]#
yum remove 卸載軟件包：yum remove wget
[root@localhost Packages]# yum remove wget 省略： Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum. Erasing : wget-1.12-5.el6_6.1.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : wget-1.12-5.el6_6.1.x86_64 1/1 Removed: wget.x86_64 0:1.12-5.el6_6.1 Complete! [root@localhost Packages]#
2 更新和升級
yum update 全部更新
[root@localhost Packages]# yum update Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Update Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package ibus-table-cangjie.noarch 0:1.2.0.20100210-1.el6 will be obsoleted ---> Package ibus-table-chinese-cangjie.noarch 0:1.4.6-1.el6 will be obsoleting 省略 . . Complete! [root@localhost Packages]#
yum update 包名 指定軟件包更新
[root@localhost Packages]# yum update wget Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Update Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile No Packages marked for Update [root@localhost Packages]#
yum check-update檢查可更新的程序
[root@localhost Packages]# yum check-update
3 查找和顯示
yum info 顯示包的信息
[root@localhost Packages]# yum info zsh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages Name : zsh Arch : x86_64 Version : 4.3.11 Release : 4.el6.centos Size : 5.0 M Repo : installed Summary : A powerful interactive shell URL : http://zsh.sunsite.dk/ License : BSD Description : The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login : shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh : shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports : command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable : command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history : mechanism, and more. [root@localhost Packages]#
yum list 顯示指定程序包安裝情況
[root@localhost Packages]# yum list zsh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages zsh.x86_64 4.3.11-4.el6.centos installed [root@localhost Packages]#
yum serach all 查看所有包的信息
[root@localhost Packages]# yum search all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile ====================================================================================== N/S Matched: all ======================================================================================= PackageKit-debug-install.x86_64 : Facility to install debugging packages using PackageKit alliance-doc.x86_64 : Alliance VLSI CAD Sytem - Documentations alliance-libs.i686 : Alliance VLSI CAD Sytem - multilibs alliance-libs.x86_64 : Alliance VLSI CAD Sytem - multilibs ctan-kerkis-calligraphic-fonts.noarch : Kerkis Calligraphic Type1 fonts eclipse-callgraph.x86_64 : C/C++ Call Graph Visualization Tool yum.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager yum-plugin-auto-update-debug-info.noarch : Yum plugin to enable automatic updates to installed debuginfo packages yum-plugin-fs-snapshot.noarch : Yum plugin to automatically snapshot your filesystems during updates yum-plugin-local.noarch : Yum plugin to automatically manage a local repo. of downloaded packages yum-plugin-merge-conf.noarch : Yum plugin to merge configuration changes when installing packages yum-plugin-show-leaves.noarch : Yum plugin which shows newly installed leaf packages Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything. [root@localhost Packages]#
yum search 查看zsh包的詳細信息：
[root@localhost Packages]# yum search zsh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile ====================================================================================== N/S Matched: zsh ======================================================================================= autojump-zsh.noarch : Autojump for zsh docker-io-zsh-completion.x86_64 : zsh completion files for docker gromacs-zsh.noarch : GROMACS zsh support python-twisted-core-zsh.x86_64 : Tab completion for Zsh and Twisted Core zsh-html.x86_64 : Zsh shell manual in html format zsh.x86_64 : A powerful interactive shell zsh-lovers.noarch : A collection of tips, tricks and examples for the Z shell Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything. [root@localhost Packages]#
yum repolist 顯示系統配置源的情況
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist all Loaded plugins: aliases, auto-update-debuginfo, changelog, dellsysid, fastestmirror, filter-data, fs-snapshot, keys, list-data, local, merge-conf, post-transaction-actions, presto, : priorities, protectbase, ps, remove-with-leaves, rpm-warm-cache, security, show-leaves, tmprepo, tsflags, upgrade-helper, verify, versionlock Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile 0 packages excluded due to repository protections repo id repo name status C6.0-base CentOS-6.0 - Base disabled C6.0-centosplus CentOS-6.0 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.0-contrib CentOS-6.0 - Contrib disabled C6.0-extras CentOS-6.0 - Extras disabled C6.0-updates CentOS-6.0 - Updates disabled C6.1-base CentOS-6.1 - Base disabled C6.1-centosplus CentOS-6.1 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.1-contrib CentOS-6.1 - Contrib disabled C6.1-extras CentOS-6.1 - Extras disabled C6.1-updates CentOS-6.1 - Updates disabled C6.2-base CentOS-6.2 - Base disabled C6.2-centosplus CentOS-6.2 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.2-contrib CentOS-6.2 - Contrib disabled C6.2-extras CentOS-6.2 - Extras disabled C6.2-updates CentOS-6.2 - Updates disabled C6.3-base CentOS-6.3 - Base disabled C6.3-centosplus CentOS-6.3 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.3-contrib CentOS-6.3 - Contrib disabled C6.3-extras CentOS-6.3 - Extras disabled C6.3-updates CentOS-6.3 - Updates disabled C6.4-base CentOS-6.4 - Base disabled C6.4-centosplus CentOS-6.4 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.4-contrib CentOS-6.4 - Contrib disabled C6.4-extras CentOS-6.4 - Extras disabled C6.4-updates CentOS-6.4 - Updates disabled C6.5-base CentOS-6.5 - Base disabled C6.5-centosplus CentOS-6.5 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.5-contrib CentOS-6.5 - Contrib disabled C6.5-extras CentOS-6.5 - Extras disabled C6.5-updates CentOS-6.5 - Updates disabled C6.6-base CentOS-6.6 - Base disabled C6.6-centosplus CentOS-6.6 - CentOSPlus disabled C6.6-contrib CentOS-6.6 - Contrib disabled C6.6-extras CentOS-6.6 - Extras disabled C6.6-updates CentOS-6.6 - Updates disabled Fedora-epel Fedora-epel enabled: 11,765 base-debuginfo CentOS-6 - Debuginfo disabled c6-media CentOS-6 - Media disabled centos Centos aliyun enabled: 6,575 fasttrack CentOS-6 - fasttrack disabled repolist: 18,340 [root@localhost ~]#
4.刪除程序
yum remove
[root@localhost Packages]# yum remove wget Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package wget.x86_64 0:1.12-5.el6_6.1 will be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================================================================================================================================== Removing: wget x86_64 1.12-5.el6_6.1 @centos 1.8 M Transaction Summary =============================================================================================================================================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Installed size: 1.8 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : wget-1.12-5.el6_6.1.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : wget-1.12-5.el6_6.1.x86_64 1/1 Removed: wget.x86_64 0:1.12-5.el6_6.1 Complete!
yum deplist 查看程序依賴情況
5.清除緩存
yum clean all 清除緩存目錄下的軟件包
[root@localhost Packages]# yum clean all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Cleaning repos: Fedora-epel centos Cleaning up Everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@localhost Packages]#
yum makecache 建立緩存
[root@localhost Packages]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Fedora-epel | 4.3 kB 00:00 centos | 3.7 kB 00:00 Metadata Cache Created [root@localhost Packages]#
6.包組管理
yum grouplist 列出所有的包組
[root@localhost Packages]# yum grouplist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Groups: Additional Development Development tools E-mail server Fonts General Purpose Desktop Graphical Administration Tools Input Methods Legacy X Window System compatibility Milkymist Networking Tools Perl Support Security Tools Installed Language Groups: Chinese Support [zh] Available Groups: 省略 . . Upper Sorbian Support [hsb] Urdu Support [ur] Uzbek Support [uz] Venda Support [ve] Vietnamese Support [vi] Walloon Support [wa] Welsh Support [cy] Xhosa Support [xh] Zulu Support [zu] Done [root@localhost Packages]#
yum groupinfo 顯示包組內具體信息
[root@localhost Packages]# yum groupinfo "Development tools" Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Group: Development tools Description: A basic development environment. Mandatory Packages: autoconf automake binutils bison flex gcc gcc-c++ gettext libtool make patch pkgconfig redhat-rpm-config rpm-build Default Packages: trac-git-plugin trac-mercurial-plugin trac-webadmin translate-toolkit [root@localhost Packages]#
yum groupinstall 安裝包組
[root@localhost Packages]# yum groupinstall 'Development tools' Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Package flex-2.5.35-9.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package gcc-4.4.7-16.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package autoconf-2.63-5.1.el6.noarch already installed and latest version Package redhat-rpm-config-9.0.3-44.el6.centos.noarch already installed and latest version Package rpm-build-4.8.0-47.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package git-1.7.1-3.el6_4.1.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package cscope-15.6-6.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package swig-1.3.40-6.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Warning: Group development does not have any packages. No packages in any requested group available to install or update [root@localhost Packages]#
yum groupremove 卸載包組
[root@localhost Packages]# yum groupremove "Development tools" Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package autoconf.noarch 0:2.63-5.1.el6 will be erased ---> Package automake.noarch 0:1.11.1-4.el6 will be erased ---> Package binutils.x86_64 0:2.20.51.0.2-5.43.el6 will be erased --> Processing Dependency: binutils for package: module-init-tools-3.9-25.el6.x86_64 ---> Package bison.x86_64 0:2.4.1-5.el6 will be erased ---> Package byacc.x86_64 0:1.9.20070509-7.el6 will be erased 省略 . . ---> Package libselinux-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.94-5.8.el6 will be erased ---> Package libsepol-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.41-4.el6 will be erased ---> Package pcre-devel.x86_64 0:7.8-7.el6 will be erased ---> Package rsyslog.x86_64 0:5.8.10-10.el6_6 will be erased ---> Package zlib-devel.x86_64 0:1.2.3-29.el6 will be erased --> Processing Dependency: /sbin/new-kernel-pkg for package: kernel-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 Skipping the running kernel: kernel-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. --> Running transaction check --> Finished Dependency Resolution Error: Trying to remove "yum", which is protected [root@localhost Packages]#