一
本文並不想介紹Struts，Spring，Hibernate的原理系統架構等，本文地目的是通過一個較複雜地實例介紹如何整合Struts，Spring，Hibernate，網上現有的例子雖然也能達到目的，但功能都比較單一，複雜的例子時會有意想不到的麻煩。本文對讀者假設已經具備了以上框架的基礎知識。以及那些已經瞭解Struts，Spring，Hibernate的基本概念，但是還沒有親身在較複雜的項目中體驗Struts＋Spring＋Hibernate的開發人員。
1 Struts
雖然不打算過多介紹Struts的原理，但是大概介紹一下還是有必要的。Struts本身就是 MVC 在這裏負責將用戶數據傳人業務層，以及 將業務層處理的結果返回給用戶，此係統屬於較簡單WEB應用，採用了OpenSessionInView模式處理LazyLoad問題，這樣我們可以在用戶視圖中使用 get，set方法來方便地獲取關聯對象。爲了處理龐大的Action和ActionForm問題，在此我門準備使用DynaActionForm (DynaValidatorForm)和DispatchAction以及 動態驗證框架 來解決。及使用Tile來解決框架問題 。使用自定義標籤處理分頁和身份驗證問題。
2 Spring
Spring Framework最得以出名的是與Hibernate的無縫鏈接，雖然Spring 對Hibernate提供了90％以上的封裝，使我們不必去關心Session 的建立，關閉，以及事務使我們能夠專心的關注業務邏輯。但是一些特殊情況如 有時需要Query以及Criteria 對象，分頁等，Spring不能給我們提供支持，總不能每次都在你的DAO上寫個HibernateCallBackup()吧？Spring的作用不是把Hibernate再封裝一層，而是讓你接觸不到Hibernate的API，而是幫助你管理好Session和Transaction。
在這裏解決方法是：首先寫一個IBase 的接口，和一個BaseDao的實現。在實現中仿照HibernateTemplate，將其功能一一實現，同時考慮到Spring 未能支持的地方，我們不得已只好自己來管理Session，因此加入public Session openSession()，public Query getQuery(String sql)，public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz)，以及分頁的方法。 然後爲每一個Entity 都建立繼承於以上類的IEntity，與EntityDao。這裏可以根據需求對Entity加入特殊的方法實現，如 在 StudentsDao.java 中加入類似用戶身份驗證等。以上就是數據訪問層。接下來在Service層中通過對dao的引用完成業務邏輯方法。在下面的例子中我們分別爲學生模塊，教師模塊，管理員模塊構建Service層，StudentsServiceImpl，TeachersServiceImpl，AdminServiceImpl。
3 Hibernate
有了Spring的封裝，我們要對Hibernate做的就是正確實現對象關係的映射。由於此處處於系統的最底層，準確無誤的實現對象之間的關聯關係映射將起着至關重要的作用。
總之，理解了Struts，Spring，Hibernate地原理以及之間的關係之後，剩下的工作就如同在以Spring爲核心的Struts爲表現的框架中堆積木。
下圖可以更好的幫助我們理解Struts，Spring，Hibernate之間的關係。
二案例簡述：
設計思路主要源於 大學選修課，該系統可以方便處理學生在課程選報，學分查詢，成績查詢，以及 成績發佈等。
系統以班級爲核心，一門課程可以對應多個班級，一名教師也可以帶不同的班級，學生可以選報不同課程所對應的班級，班級自身有目前人數，和最大人數，以及上課時間，上課地點的屬性。
學生在選報班級之後，班級的人數會自動加一，直到等於最大人數時，其他學生將會有人數已滿的錯誤提示。同理如果學生選擇了同一課程的不同班級，也將收到錯誤提示。學生有密碼，系別，學分，地址，電話等屬性。
教師在系統中主要負責成績發佈，教師可以對其所帶的班級的學生的成績修改，系統會以成績是否大於等於60來判斷學生是否通過考試，如果通過會將該課程的學分累加到學生學分，同樣如果教師二次修改了成績，而且小於60，系統會在學生學分上扣掉該課程的分數。
課程在系統中具體體現爲班級，自身帶有學分屬性。
繫有編號，名稱的屬性，同時可以作爲聯繫教師，課程，學生的橋樑。
功能模塊
l 身份驗證模塊： 根據用戶名，密碼，用戶類別 轉發用戶到不同的模塊。
l 學生模塊： 查看課程，查看班級，選報課程，查看己選課程，成績查詢。
l 教師模塊： 錄入成績
l 管理員模塊：對學生，教師，課程，班級，系 增，刪，查，改。
三具體實踐
首先，將庫表映射爲數據模型（SQL在源碼中查看），轉換後的數據模型如下圖：
![pic2.jpg]()
由此我們可以看出一下關聯關係：
1 Students 和 Contact（聯繫方式）一對一關係。
2 Students 和 History（選課歷史） 一對多關係
3 Students 和 Classes 多對多關係。
4 Classes 和 Classes_info 一對多關係。
5 Classes 和 Teachers 多對一關係。
6 Classes 和 Courses 多對一關係。
7 Course 和 Department（系） 多對一關係。
8 Teachers 和 Department 多對一關係。
9 Students 和 Department 多對一關係。
在Hibernate中將以上關係一一映射，如Students 和 History 一對多關係
Students.cfg.xm.：
1 <set name="history"
2 table="history"
3 cascade="all"
4 inverse="true"
5 lazy="true" >
6 <key column="student_id"/>
7 <one-to-many class="limq.hibernate.vo.History"
8 />
9 set>
10
2 table="history"
3 cascade="all"
4 inverse="true"
5 lazy="true" >
6 <key column="student_id"/>
7 <one-to-many class="limq.hibernate.vo.History"
8 />
9 set>
10
用過MyEclipse開發Hibernate的就知道，MyEclipse會幫助我們生成持久對象和抽象對象，我們要在 Students.java 中加入對History的引用
private Set history=new HashSet();
public Set getHistory() {
return history;
}
public void setHistory(Set history) {
this.history = history;
}
同時，在AbstractHistory.java 中刪除student_id 以及對應的get，set 方法，History.java 中加入
private Students student;
public Students getStudent() {
return student;
}
public void setStudent(Students student) {
this.student = student;
}
具體內容請查看 源代碼。
1 public interface IDepartment extends IBaseDao {}
2
3 public class DepartmentDao extends BaseDao implements IBaseDao {}
4
2
3 public class DepartmentDao extends BaseDao implements IBaseDao {}
4
3 Service 層
在這裏需要認真思考每個業務邏輯所能用到的持久層對象和DAO，還要完成配置Spring框架， 首先我一起看看applications-service.xml
1 xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
2 DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC "-//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN"
3 "http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd">
4 <beans>
5 <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
6 <property name="driverClassName">
7 <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Drivervalue>
8 property>
9 <property name="url">
10 <value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Studentvalue>
11 property>
12 <property name="username">
13 <value>rootvalue>
14 property>
15 <property name="password">
16 <value>value>
17 property>
18 bean>
19 <bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
20 <property name="dataSource">
21 <ref local="dataSource"/>
22 property>
23 <property name="mappingResources">
24 <list>
25 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Admins.hbm.xmlvalue>
26 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Classes.hbm.xmlvalue>
27 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Courses.hbm.xmlvalue>
28 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Students.hbm.xmlvalue>
29 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/ClassesInfo.hbm.xmlvalue>
30 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Contact.hbm.xmlvalue>
31 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Department.hbm.xmlvalue>
32 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/History.hbm.xmlvalue>
33 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Teachers.hbm.xmlvalue>
34 list>
35 property>
36 <property name="hibernateProperties">
37 <props>
38 <prop key="hibernate.dialect">net.sf.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialectprop>
39 <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">trueprop>
40 props>
41 property>
42 bean>
43 <bean id="myTransactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateTransactionManager">
44 <property name="sessionFactory">
45 <ref local="sessionFactory"/>
46 property>
47 bean>
48
49 <bean id="hibernateInterceptor" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateInterceptor">
50 <property name="sessionFactory">
51 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
52 property>
53 bean>
54 <bean id="studentDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.StudentsDao">
55 <property name="sessionFactory">
56 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
57 property>
58 bean>
59 <bean id="teacherDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.TeachersDao">
60 <property name="sessionFactory">
61 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
62 property>
63 bean>
64 <bean id="courseDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.CoursesDao">
65 <property name="sessionFactory">
66 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
67 property>
68 bean>
69 <bean id="classDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.ClassesDao">
70 <property name="sessionFactory">
71 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
72 property>
73 bean>
74 <bean id="departmentDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.DepartmentDao">
75 <property name="sessionFactory">
76 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
77 property>
78 bean>
79 <bean id="adminDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.AdminDao">
80 <property name="sessionFactory">
81 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
82 property>
83 bean>
84 <bean id="studentDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
85 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
86 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IStudentsvalue>
87 property>
88 <property name="interceptorNames">
89 <list>
90 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
91 <value>studentDaoTargetvalue>
92 list>
93 property>
94 bean>
95 <bean id="teacherDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
96 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
97 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.ITeachersvalue>
98 property>
99 <property name="interceptorNames">
100 <list>
101 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
102 <value>teacherDaoTargetvalue>
103 list>
104 property>
105 bean>
106 <bean id="courseDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
107 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
108 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.ICoursesvalue>
109 property>
110 <property name="interceptorNames">
111 <list>
112 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
113 <value>courseDaoTargetvalue>
114 list>
115 property>
116 bean>
117 <bean id="classDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
118 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
119 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IClassesvalue>
120 property>
121 <property name="interceptorNames">
122 <list>
123 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
124 <value>classDaoTargetvalue>
125 list>
126 property>
127 bean>
128 <bean id="departmentDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
129 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
130 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IDepartmentvalue>
131 property>
132 <property name="interceptorNames">
133 <list>
134 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
135 <value>departmentDaoTargetvalue>
136 list>
137 property>
138 bean>
139 <bean id="adminDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
140 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
141 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IAdminvalue>
142 property>
143 <property name="interceptorNames">
144 <list>
145 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
146 <value>adminDaoTargetvalue>
147 list>
148 property>
149 bean>
150
151 <bean id="studentManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.StudentsServiceImpl">
152 <property name="studentsDao">
153 <ref bean="studentDao"/>
154 property>
155 <property name="coursesDao">
156 <ref bean="courseDao"/>
157 property>
158 <property name="classesDao">
159 <ref bean="classDao"/>
160 property>
161 <property name="departmentsdao">
162 <ref bean="departmentDao"/>
163 property>
164 bean>
165 <bean id="teacherManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.TeachersServiceImpl">
166 <property name="teachersDao">
167 <ref bean="teacherDao"/>
168 property>
169 <property name="coursesDao">
170 <ref bean="courseDao"/>
171 property>
172 <property name="classesDao">
173 <ref bean="classDao"/>
174 property>
175 <property name="studentsDao">
176 <ref bean="studentDao"/>
177 property>
178 bean>
179 <bean id="adminManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.AdminServiceImpl">
180 <property name="adminDao">
181 <ref bean="adminDao"/>
182 property>
183 <property name="teachersDao">
184 <ref bean="teacherDao"/>
185 property>
186 <property name="coursesDao">
187 <ref bean="courseDao"/>
188 property>
189 <property name="classesDao">
190 <ref bean="classDao"/>
191 property>
192 <property name="studentsDao">
193 <ref bean="studentDao"/>
194 property>
195 <property name="departmentsdao">
196 <ref bean="departmentDao"/>
197 property>
198 bean>
199
200 <bean id="studentManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
201 <property name="transactionManager">
202 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/>
203 property>
204 <property name="target">
205 <ref bean="studentManagerTarget"/>
206 property>
207 <property name="transactionAttributes">
208 <props>
209 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTSprop>
210 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIREDprop>
211 props>
212 property>
213 bean>
214 <bean id="teacherManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
215 <property name="transactionManager">
216 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/>
217 property>
218 <property name="target">
219 <ref bean="teacherManagerTarget"/>
220 property>
221 <property name="transactionAttributes">
222 <props>
223 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTSprop>
224 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIREDprop>
225 props>
226 property>
227 bean>
228 <bean id="adminManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
229 <property name="transactionManager">
230 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/>
231 property>
232 <property name="target">
233 <ref bean="adminManagerTarget"/>
234 property>
235 <property name="transactionAttributes">
236 <props>
237 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTSprop>
238 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIREDprop>
239 props>
240 property>
241 bean>
242 beans>
243
2 DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC "-//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN"
3 "http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd">
4 <beans>
5 <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
6 <property name="driverClassName">
7 <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Drivervalue>
8 property>
9 <property name="url">
10 <value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Studentvalue>
11 property>
12 <property name="username">
13 <value>rootvalue>
14 property>
15 <property name="password">
16 <value>value>
17 property>
18 bean>
19 <bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
20 <property name="dataSource">
21 <ref local="dataSource"/>
22 property>
23 <property name="mappingResources">
24 <list>
25 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Admins.hbm.xmlvalue>
26 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Classes.hbm.xmlvalue>
27 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Courses.hbm.xmlvalue>
28 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Students.hbm.xmlvalue>
29 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/ClassesInfo.hbm.xmlvalue>
30 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Contact.hbm.xmlvalue>
31 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Department.hbm.xmlvalue>
32 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/History.hbm.xmlvalue>
33 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Teachers.hbm.xmlvalue>
34 list>
35 property>
36 <property name="hibernateProperties">
37 <props>
38 <prop key="hibernate.dialect">net.sf.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialectprop>
39 <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">trueprop>
40 props>
41 property>
42 bean>
43 <bean id="myTransactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateTransactionManager">
44 <property name="sessionFactory">
45 <ref local="sessionFactory"/>
46 property>
47 bean>
48
49 <bean id="hibernateInterceptor" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateInterceptor">
50 <property name="sessionFactory">
51 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
52 property>
53 bean>
54 <bean id="studentDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.StudentsDao">
55 <property name="sessionFactory">
56 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
57 property>
58 bean>
59 <bean id="teacherDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.TeachersDao">
60 <property name="sessionFactory">
61 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
62 property>
63 bean>
64 <bean id="courseDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.CoursesDao">
65 <property name="sessionFactory">
66 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
67 property>
68 bean>
69 <bean id="classDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.ClassesDao">
70 <property name="sessionFactory">
71 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
72 property>
73 bean>
74 <bean id="departmentDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.DepartmentDao">
75 <property name="sessionFactory">
76 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
77 property>
78 bean>
79 <bean id="adminDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.AdminDao">
80 <property name="sessionFactory">
81 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
82 property>
83 bean>
84 <bean id="studentDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
85 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
86 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IStudentsvalue>
87 property>
88 <property name="interceptorNames">
89 <list>
90 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
91 <value>studentDaoTargetvalue>
92 list>
93 property>
94 bean>
95 <bean id="teacherDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
96 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
97 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.ITeachersvalue>
98 property>
99 <property name="interceptorNames">
100 <list>
101 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
102 <value>teacherDaoTargetvalue>
103 list>
104 property>
105 bean>
106 <bean id="courseDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
107 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
108 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.ICoursesvalue>
109 property>
110 <property name="interceptorNames">
111 <list>
112 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
113 <value>courseDaoTargetvalue>
114 list>
115 property>
116 bean>
117 <bean id="classDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
118 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
119 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IClassesvalue>
120 property>
121 <property name="interceptorNames">
122 <list>
123 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
124 <value>classDaoTargetvalue>
125 list>
126 property>
127 bean>
128 <bean id="departmentDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
129 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
130 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IDepartmentvalue>
131 property>
132 <property name="interceptorNames">
133 <list>
134 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
135 <value>departmentDaoTargetvalue>
136 list>
137 property>
138 bean>
139 <bean id="adminDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
140 <property name="proxyInterfaces">
141 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IAdminvalue>
142 property>
143 <property name="interceptorNames">
144 <list>
145 <value>hibernateInterceptorvalue>
146 <value>adminDaoTargetvalue>
147 list>
148 property>
149 bean>
150
151 <bean id="studentManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.StudentsServiceImpl">
152 <property name="studentsDao">
153 <ref bean="studentDao"/>
154 property>
155 <property name="coursesDao">
156 <ref bean="courseDao"/>
157 property>
158 <property name="classesDao">
159 <ref bean="classDao"/>
160 property>
161 <property name="departmentsdao">
162 <ref bean="departmentDao"/>
163 property>
164 bean>
165 <bean id="teacherManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.TeachersServiceImpl">
166 <property name="teachersDao">
167 <ref bean="teacherDao"/>
168 property>
169 <property name="coursesDao">
170 <ref bean="courseDao"/>
171 property>
172 <property name="classesDao">
173 <ref bean="classDao"/>
174 property>
175 <property name="studentsDao">
176 <ref bean="studentDao"/>
177 property>
178 bean>
179 <bean id="adminManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.AdminServiceImpl">
180 <property name="adminDao">
181 <ref bean="adminDao"/>
182 property>
183 <property name="teachersDao">
184 <ref bean="teacherDao"/>
185 property>
186 <property name="coursesDao">
187 <ref bean="courseDao"/>
188 property>
189 <property name="classesDao">
190 <ref bean="classDao"/>
191 property>
192 <property name="studentsDao">
193 <ref bean="studentDao"/>
194 property>
195 <property name="departmentsdao">
196 <ref bean="departmentDao"/>
197 property>
198 bean>
199
200 <bean id="studentManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
201 <property name="transactionManager">
202 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/>
203 property>
204 <property name="target">
205 <ref bean="studentManagerTarget"/>
206 property>
207 <property name="transactionAttributes">
208 <props>
209 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTSprop>
210 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIREDprop>
211 props>
212 property>
213 bean>
214 <bean id="teacherManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
215 <property name="transactionManager">
216 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/>
217 property>
218 <property name="target">
219 <ref bean="teacherManagerTarget"/>
220 property>
221 <property name="transactionAttributes">
222 <props>
223 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTSprop>
224 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIREDprop>
225 props>
226 property>
227 bean>
228 <bean id="adminManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
229 <property name="transactionManager">
230 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/>
231 property>
232 <property name="target">
233 <ref bean="adminManagerTarget"/>
234 property>
235 <property name="transactionAttributes">
236 <props>
237 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTSprop>
238 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIREDprop>
239 props>
240 property>
241 bean>
242 beans>
243
以StudentsServiceImpl以爲例，下圖演示瞭如何利用Spring的Ioc與Hibernate的結合。
可以看到分別將studentDao,classDao,coursesDao,departmentDao,注入studentManager.
![pic4.JPG]()
1 IStudentsService.java
2 public interface IStudentsService {
3
4 public boolean validate(String username,String pasword);
5 public Classes[] getClassesFromCourse(Courses courses);
6 public Department getDepFromID(Integer id);
7 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id);
8 public Classes getClassFromID(Integer id);
9 public Students getStudetFromName(String name);
10 public boolean ifEnrolSameCourse(Classes clazz,Students stu);
11 public void selectClasses(Students stu, Classes clazz,Date date);
12 public boolean ifMoreThanCap(Classes clazz);
13 public void updateSudent(Students stu,Contact contact);
14 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception;
15 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo,String stu_name) throws Exception;
16
17 }
18
19 實現StudentsServiceImpl.java
20 public class StudentsServiceImpl implements IStudentsService {
21
22 private Logger log = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass());
23
24 private IStudents studentsDao;
25
26 private ICourses coursesDao;
27
28 private IClasses classesDao;
29
30 private IDepartment departmentsdao;
31
32 /**
33 * 驗證用戶名密碼
34 *
35 * @param username
36 * 用戶名
37 * @param password
38 * 密碼
39 */
40
41 public boolean validate(String username, String password) {
42
43 String password2 = studentsDao.getPasswordFromUsername(username);
44 if (password.equals(password2))
45 return true;
46 else
47 return false;
48
49 }
50
51 /**
52 * 查找所有課程
53 *
54 */
55 public Courses[] getAllCourses() {
56
57 List list = null;
58 try {
59
60 list = coursesDao.find("select c from Courses as c ");
61 } catch (Exception e) {
62 }
63
64 return (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]);
65 }
66
67 /**
68 * 分頁顯示所有課程
69 *
70 * @param pageinfo
71 */
72 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception {
73
74 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
75 String hsql = "select c from Courses as c order by c.id";
76 Query query = coursesDao.getQuery(hsql);
77 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
78 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
79 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
80 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalCount(hsql)
81 : totalCount;
82 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
83 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
84 query.setFirstResult(start);
85 query.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
86 List list = query.list();
87 hp.put("courses", (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]));
88 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
89 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
90 return hp;
91 }
92 /**
93 * 分頁顯示所有選課歷史
94 * @param pageinfo
95 * @param stu_name
96 */
97 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo, String stu_name)
98 throws Exception {
99 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
100 Students stu = this.getStudetFromName(stu_name);
101 Integer stu_id = stu.getId();
102 Criteria criteria = coursesDao.getCriteria(History.class);
103 criteria.createCriteria("student").add(Expression.eq("name", stu_name));
104 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
105 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
106 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
107 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? criteria.list().size() : totalCount;
108 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? studentsDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
109 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
110 criteria.setFirstResult(start);
111 criteria.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
112 criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("id"));
113 List list = criteria.list();
114 hp.put("history", (History[]) list.toArray(new History[0]));
115 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
116 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
117 return hp;
118 }
119 /**
120 * 根據課程查找班級
121 * @param course
122 * 課程實體
123 * @return 返回該課程下所有班級
124 */
125 public Classes[] getClassesFromCourse(Courses course) {
126 return coursesDao.getClassesFromCourse(course);
127 }
128
129 /**
130 * 根據主鍵查找系
131 * @param id
132 * 主鍵ID
133 */
134 public Department getDepFromID(Integer id) {
135 return (Department) departmentsdao
136 .loadByKey(Department.class, "id", id);
137 }
138
139 /**
140 * 根據主鍵查找課程
141 * @param id
142 * 主鍵ID
143 */
144 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id) {
145 return (Courses) coursesDao.loadByKey(Courses.class, "id", id);
146 }
147 /**
148 * 根據主鍵查找班級
149 * @param id
150 * 主鍵ID
151 */
152 public Classes getClassFromID(Integer id) {
153 return (Classes) classesDao.loadByKey(Classes.class, "id", id);
154 }
155
156 /**
157 * 根據姓名查找學生
158 * @param name
159 */
160 public Students getStudetFromName(String name) {
161 return (Students) studentsDao.loadByKey(Students.class, "name", name);
162 }
163
164 /**
165 * 檢查學生是否選報了同一課程的班級
166 * @param clazz
167 * 所選報的班級
168 * @param stu
169 * 學生實體
170 * @return true 該生選報同一課程的班級
171 * @return false 沒有報過該課程的班級，可以選報
172 *
173 */
174 public boolean ifEnrolSameCourse(Classes clazz, Students stu) {
175
176 Courses cour = clazz.getCourse();
177
178 Classes[] classes = (Classes[]) stu.getClasses()
179 .toArray(new Classes[0]);
180 for (int i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) {
181
182 Courses c1 = classes[i].getCourse();
183
184 if (c1.getId().equals(cour.getId()))
185 return true;
186 }
187 return false;
188 }
189
190 /**
191 * 檢查課程的目前人數
192 * @param clazz
193 * 檢查班級人數是否已滿
194 * @param clazz
195 * 班級實體
196 * @return true 班級人數已滿
197 * @return false 班級人數未滿
198 *
199 */
200 public boolean ifMoreThanCap(Classes clazz) {
201 Integer capacity = clazz.getCapacity();
202 Integer maxcapacity = clazz.getMaxcapacity();
203 if (capacity.intValue() < maxcapacity.intValue()) {
204 clazz.setCapacity(Integer.valueOf(capacity.intValue() + 1));
205 //classesDao.update(clazz);
206 return false;
207 } else
208 return true;
209
210 }
211
212 /**
213 * 數據庫插入選擇班級的記錄
214 * @param stu
215 * 學生
216 * @param clazz
217 * 所選擇的班級
218 */
219 public void selectClasses(Students stu, Classes clazz, Date date)
220 {
221 stu.getClasses().add(clazz);
222 clazz.getStudents().add(stu);
223 History his = new History();
224 his.setEnrolTime(date);
225 his.setStudent(stu);
226 his.setClasses(clazz);
227 his.setScore(clazz.getCourse().getScore());
228 his.setMarking(new Double(0));
229 try{
230 String cour_name=new String(clazz.getCourse().getName().getBytes("GBK"));
231 his.setCourseName(cour_name);
232 }catch( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e){e.getStackTrace();}
233 stu.getHistory().add(his);
234 }
235
236 public void updateSudent(Students stu,Contact contact){
237
238 studentsDao.update(stu);
239 studentsDao.update(contact);
240
241 }
242 public IStudents getStudentsDao() {
243 return studentsDao;
244 }
245 public void setStudentsDao(IStudents studentsDao) {
246 this.studentsDao = studentsDao;
247 }
248 public IClasses getClassesDao() {
249 return classesDao;
250 }
251 public void setClassesDao(IClasses classesDao) {
252 this.classesDao = classesDao;
253 }
254 public ICourses getCoursesDao() {
255 return coursesDao;
256 }
257 public void setCoursesDao(ICourses coursesDao) {
258 this.coursesDao = coursesDao;
259 }
260 public IDepartment getDepartmentsdao() {
261 return departmentsdao;
262 }
263 public void setDepartmentsdao(IDepartment departmentdao) {
264 this.departmentsdao = departmentdao;
265 }
266 }
267
268
2 public interface IStudentsService {
3
4 public boolean validate(String username,String pasword);
5 public Classes[] getClassesFromCourse(Courses courses);
6 public Department getDepFromID(Integer id);
7 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id);
8 public Classes getClassFromID(Integer id);
9 public Students getStudetFromName(String name);
10 public boolean ifEnrolSameCourse(Classes clazz,Students stu);
11 public void selectClasses(Students stu, Classes clazz,Date date);
12 public boolean ifMoreThanCap(Classes clazz);
13 public void updateSudent(Students stu,Contact contact);
14 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception;
15 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo,String stu_name) throws Exception;
16
17 }
18
19 實現StudentsServiceImpl.java
20 public class StudentsServiceImpl implements IStudentsService {
21
22 private Logger log = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass());
23
24 private IStudents studentsDao;
25
26 private ICourses coursesDao;
27
28 private IClasses classesDao;
29
30 private IDepartment departmentsdao;
31
32 /**
33 * 驗證用戶名密碼
34 *
35 * @param username
36 * 用戶名
37 * @param password
38 * 密碼
39 */
40
41 public boolean validate(String username, String password) {
42
43 String password2 = studentsDao.getPasswordFromUsername(username);
44 if (password.equals(password2))
45 return true;
46 else
47 return false;
48
49 }
50
51 /**
52 * 查找所有課程
53 *
54 */
55 public Courses[] getAllCourses() {
56
57 List list = null;
58 try {
59
60 list = coursesDao.find("select c from Courses as c ");
61 } catch (Exception e) {
62 }
63
64 return (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]);
65 }
66
67 /**
68 * 分頁顯示所有課程
69 *
70 * @param pageinfo
71 */
72 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception {
73
74 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
75 String hsql = "select c from Courses as c order by c.id";
76 Query query = coursesDao.getQuery(hsql);
77 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
78 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
79 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
80 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalCount(hsql)
81 : totalCount;
82 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
83 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
84 query.setFirstResult(start);
85 query.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
86 List list = query.list();
87 hp.put("courses", (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]));
88 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
89 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
90 return hp;
91 }
92 /**
93 * 分頁顯示所有選課歷史
94 * @param pageinfo
95 * @param stu_name
96 */
97 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo, String stu_name)
98 throws Exception {
99 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
100 Students stu = this.getStudetFromName(stu_name);
101 Integer stu_id = stu.getId();
102 Criteria criteria = coursesDao.getCriteria(History.class);
103 criteria.createCriteria("student").add(Expression.eq("name", stu_name));
104 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
105 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
106 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
107 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? criteria.list().size() : totalCount;
108 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? studentsDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
109 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
110 criteria.setFirstResult(start);
111 criteria.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
112 criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("id"));
113 List list = criteria.list();
114 hp.put("history", (History[]) list.toArray(new History[0]));
115 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
116 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
117 return hp;
118 }
119 /**
120 * 根據課程查找班級
121 * @param course
122 * 課程實體
123 * @return 返回該課程下所有班級
124 */
125 public Classes[] getClassesFromCourse(Courses course) {
126 return coursesDao.getClassesFromCourse(course);
127 }
128
129 /**
130 * 根據主鍵查找系
131 * @param id
132 * 主鍵ID
133 */
134 public Department getDepFromID(Integer id) {
135 return (Department) departmentsdao
136 .loadByKey(Department.class, "id", id);
137 }
138
139 /**
140 * 根據主鍵查找課程
141 * @param id
142 * 主鍵ID
143 */
144 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id) {
145 return (Courses) coursesDao.loadByKey(Courses.class, "id", id);
146 }
147 /**
148 * 根據主鍵查找班級
149 * @param id
150 * 主鍵ID
151 */
152 public Classes getClassFromID(Integer id) {
153 return (Classes) classesDao.loadByKey(Classes.class, "id", id);
154 }
155
156 /**
157 * 根據姓名查找學生
158 * @param name
159 */
160 public Students getStudetFromName(String name) {
161 return (Students) studentsDao.loadByKey(Students.class, "name", name);
162 }
163
164 /**
165 * 檢查學生是否選報了同一課程的班級
166 * @param clazz
167 * 所選報的班級
168 * @param stu
169 * 學生實體
170 * @return true 該生選報同一課程的班級
171 * @return false 沒有報過該課程的班級，可以選報
172 *
173 */
174 public boolean ifEnrolSameCourse(Classes clazz, Students stu) {
175
176 Courses cour = clazz.getCourse();
177
178 Classes[] classes = (Classes[]) stu.getClasses()
179 .toArray(new Classes[0]);
180 for (int i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) {
181
182 Courses c1 = classes[i].getCourse();
183
184 if (c1.getId().equals(cour.getId()))
185 return true;
186 }
187 return false;
188 }
189
190 /**
191 * 檢查課程的目前人數
192 * @param clazz
193 * 檢查班級人數是否已滿
194 * @param clazz
195 * 班級實體
196 * @return true 班級人數已滿
197 * @return false 班級人數未滿
198 *
199 */
200 public boolean ifMoreThanCap(Classes clazz) {
201 Integer capacity = clazz.getCapacity();
202 Integer maxcapacity = clazz.getMaxcapacity();
203 if (capacity.intValue() < maxcapacity.intValue()) {
204 clazz.setCapacity(Integer.valueOf(capacity.intValue() + 1));
205 //classesDao.update(clazz);
206 return false;
207 } else
208 return true;
209
210 }
211
212 /**
213 * 數據庫插入選擇班級的記錄
214 * @param stu
215 * 學生
216 * @param clazz
217 * 所選擇的班級
218 */
219 public void selectClasses(Students stu, Classes clazz, Date date)
220 {
221 stu.getClasses().add(clazz);
222 clazz.getStudents().add(stu);
223 History his = new History();
224 his.setEnrolTime(date);
225 his.setStudent(stu);
226 his.setClasses(clazz);
227 his.setScore(clazz.getCourse().getScore());
228 his.setMarking(new Double(0));
229 try{
230 String cour_name=new String(clazz.getCourse().getName().getBytes("GBK"));
231 his.setCourseName(cour_name);
232 }catch( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e){e.getStackTrace();}
233 stu.getHistory().add(his);
234 }
235
236 public void updateSudent(Students stu,Contact contact){
237
238 studentsDao.update(stu);
239 studentsDao.update(contact);
240
241 }
242 public IStudents getStudentsDao() {
243 return studentsDao;
244 }
245 public void setStudentsDao(IStudents studentsDao) {
246 this.studentsDao = studentsDao;
247 }
248 public IClasses getClassesDao() {
249 return classesDao;
250 }
251 public void setClassesDao(IClasses classesDao) {
252 this.classesDao = classesDao;
253 }
254 public ICourses getCoursesDao() {
255 return coursesDao;
256 }
257 public void setCoursesDao(ICourses coursesDao) {
258 this.coursesDao = coursesDao;
259 }
260 public IDepartment getDepartmentsdao() {
261 return departmentsdao;
262 }
263 public void setDepartmentsdao(IDepartment departmentdao) {
264 this.departmentsdao = departmentdao;
265 }
266 }
267
268
4 UI層
這裏我們選擇Struts，首先配置 web.xml
1 xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
2 <web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="2.4" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">
3 <context-param>
4 <param-name>contextConfigLocationparam-name>
5 <param-value>/WEB-INF/classes/applications-service.xmlparam-value>
6 context-param>
7 <context-param>
8 <param-name>log4jConfigLocationparam-name>
9 <param-value>/WEB-INF/log4j.propertiesparam-value>
10 context-param>
11 <filter>
12 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
13 <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.OpenSessionInViewFilterfilter-class>
14 filter>
15 <filter-mapping>
16 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
17 <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
18 filter-mapping>
19 <filter>
20 <filter-name>Set Character Encodingfilter-name>
21 <filter-class>limq.struts.SetCharacterEncodingFilterfilter-class>
22 filter>
23 <filter-mapping>
24 <filter-name>Set Character Encodingfilter-name>
25 <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
26 filter-mapping>
27 <servlet>
28 <servlet-name>SpringContextServletservlet-name>
29 <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderServletservlet-class>
30 <load-on-startup>1load-on-startup>
31 servlet>
32 <servlet>
33 <servlet-name>actionservlet-name>
34 <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServletservlet-class>
35 <init-param>
36 <param-name>configparam-name>
37 <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xmlparam-value>
38 init-param>
39 <init-param>
40 <param-name>debugparam-name>
41 <param-value>3param-value>
42 init-param>
43 <init-param>
44 <param-name>detailparam-name>
45 <param-value>3param-value>
46 init-param>
47 <load-on-startup>0load-on-startup>
48 servlet>
49 <servlet-mapping>
50 <servlet-name>actionservlet-name>
51 <url-pattern>*.dourl-pattern>
52 servlet-mapping>
53 web-app>
54
55
2 <web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="2.4" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">
3 <context-param>
4 <param-name>contextConfigLocationparam-name>
5 <param-value>/WEB-INF/classes/applications-service.xmlparam-value>
6 context-param>
7 <context-param>
8 <param-name>log4jConfigLocationparam-name>
9 <param-value>/WEB-INF/log4j.propertiesparam-value>
10 context-param>
11 <filter>
12 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
13 <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.OpenSessionInViewFilterfilter-class>
14 filter>
15 <filter-mapping>
16 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
17 <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
18 filter-mapping>
19 <filter>
20 <filter-name>Set Character Encodingfilter-name>
21 <filter-class>limq.struts.SetCharacterEncodingFilterfilter-class>
22 filter>
23 <filter-mapping>
24 <filter-name>Set Character Encodingfilter-name>
25 <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
26 filter-mapping>
27 <servlet>
28 <servlet-name>SpringContextServletservlet-name>
29 <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderServletservlet-class>
30 <load-on-startup>1load-on-startup>
31 servlet>
32 <servlet>
33 <servlet-name>actionservlet-name>
34 <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServletservlet-class>
35 <init-param>
36 <param-name>configparam-name>
37 <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xmlparam-value>
38 init-param>
39 <init-param>
40 <param-name>debugparam-name>
41 <param-value>3param-value>
42 init-param>
43 <init-param>
44 <param-name>detailparam-name>
45 <param-value>3param-value>
46 init-param>
47 <load-on-startup>0load-on-startup>
48 servlet>
49 <servlet-mapping>
50 <servlet-name>actionservlet-name>
51 <url-pattern>*.dourl-pattern>
52 servlet-mapping>
53 web-app>
54
55
其中注意這幾句,
1 <filter>
2 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
3 <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.OpenSessionInViewFilterfilter-class>
4 filter>
5 <filter-mapping>
6 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
7 <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
8 filter-mapping>
9
2 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
3 <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.OpenSessionInViewFilterfilter-class>
4 filter>
5 <filter-mapping>
6 <filter-name>hibernateFilterfilter-name>
7 <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
8 filter-mapping>
9
1 CoursesAction.java
2 /**
3 * 查看課程下的班級
4 */
5 public ActionForward viewClassFromCourse(ActionMapping mapping,
6 ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request,
7 HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
8 Integer cour_id = Integer.valueOf((request.getParameter("cour_id")));
9 Courses cour = super.getStudentsService().getCourseFromID(cour_id);
10 Classes[] clazz =(Classes[])cour.getClasses().toArray(new Classes[0]);
11 request.setAttribute("clazz", clazz);
12 return mapping.findForward("success");
13 }
14
2 /**
3 * 查看課程下的班級
4 */
5 public ActionForward viewClassFromCourse(ActionMapping mapping,
6 ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request,
7 HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
8 Integer cour_id = Integer.valueOf((request.getParameter("cour_id")));
9 Courses cour = super.getStudentsService().getCourseFromID(cour_id);
10 Classes[] clazz =(Classes[])cour.getClasses().toArray(new Classes[0]);
11 request.setAttribute("clazz", clazz);
12 return mapping.findForward("success");
13 }
14
這裏從上一個頁面獲得課程編號 cour_id, 然後通過StudentsServiceImpl中的
方法查到Courses實例，利用Courses和Classes的關聯關係得到Classes[],在將其放入
Request. 通過mapping.findForward("success")，轉發到
select_course_Content.jsp
CustomRequestProcessor.java 介紹
1 public class CustomRequestProcessor extends RequestProcessor {
2 protected boolean processPreprocess(HttpServletRequest request,
3 HttpServletResponse response) {
4 boolean continueProcessing = true;
5 HttpSession session = request.getSession();
6 String uri =request.getRequestURI();
7 if ( session == null || session.getAttribute("userName") == null ) {
8 continueProcessing = false;
9 if(uri.endsWith("login.do")) return true;
10 try{
11 response.sendRedirect("/StudentManger/login.jsp" );
12 }catch( Exception ex ){
13 log.error( "Problem sending redirect from processPreprocess()" );
14 }
15 }
16 return continueProcessing;
17 }
18 }
19
2 protected boolean processPreprocess(HttpServletRequest request,
3 HttpServletResponse response) {
4 boolean continueProcessing = true;
5 HttpSession session = request.getSession();
6 String uri =request.getRequestURI();
7 if ( session == null || session.getAttribute("userName") == null ) {
8 continueProcessing = false;
9 if(uri.endsWith("login.do")) return true;
10 try{
11 response.sendRedirect("/StudentManger/login.jsp" );
12 }catch( Exception ex ){
13 log.error( "Problem sending redirect from processPreprocess()" );
14 }
15 }
16 return continueProcessing;
17 }
18 }
19
爲了驗證用戶操作權限，這裏擴展了Struts 的RequestProcessor來判斷Session如果Session和userName都不空則程序繼續，否則重定向到login.jsp。要想擴展RequestProcessor類，需在Struts的配置文件中加入
呵呵，當然在正規使用時僅僅這樣驗證是不夠的。歡迎你把自己修改方法告訴我。
4分頁處理：
下面重點討論一下Hibernate的分頁處理方式。
Hibernate 中處理查詢主要有 Query ，Criteria，分別以 HSQL或編程方式實現，
本例對這兩種方法都有相關處理。由於在Spring中無法直接使用Query和Criteria對象
所以只有先從Spring那裏借一個Session，等使用完了在還給Sping處理。讀者應該還記得在BaseDao中有這樣的語句方便我們獲取Session及其他對象：
1 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception{
2 Session session = this.openSession();
3 Query query = session.createQuery(sql);
4 return query;
5 }
6
7 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception{
8
9 Session session=this.openSession();
10 Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(clazz);
11 return criteria;
12 }
13
2 Session session = this.openSession();
3 Query query = session.createQuery(sql);
4 return query;
5 }
6
7 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception{
8
9 Session session=this.openSession();
10 Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(clazz);
11 return criteria;
12 }
13
Service層以查詢所有課程與學生選課記錄爲例處理Query與Criteria：
1 StudentsServiceImpl.java
2 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception {
3
4 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
5 String hsql = "select c from Courses as c order by c.id";
6 Query query = coursesDao.getQuery(hsql);
7 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
8 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
9 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
10 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalCount(hsql)
11 : totalCount;
12 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
13 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
14 query.setFirstResult(start);
15 query.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
16 List list = query.list();
17 hp.put("courses", (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]));
18 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
19 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
20 return hp;
21 }
22
23 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo, String stu_name)
24 throws Exception {
25 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
26 Students stu = this.getStudetFromName(stu_name);
27 Integer stu_id = stu.getId();
28 Criteria criteria = coursesDao.getCriteria(History.class);
29 criteria.createCriteria("student").add(Expression.eq("name", stu_name));
30 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
31 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
32 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
33 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? criteria.list().size() : totalCount;
34 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? studentsDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
35 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
36 criteria.setFirstResult(start);
37 criteria.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
38 criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("id"));
39 List list = criteria.list();
40 hp.put("history", (History[]) list.toArray(new History[0]));
41 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
42 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
43 return hp;
44 }
45 PageIngfo.java
46 public class PageInfo {
47
48 int pageNo=0;
49 int totalpage=-1;
50 int tatalCount=-1;
51 int pageSize=0;
52 int start=0;
53![]()
![]()
54
2 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception {
3
4 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
5 String hsql = "select c from Courses as c order by c.id";
6 Query query = coursesDao.getQuery(hsql);
7 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
8 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
9 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
10 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalCount(hsql)
11 : totalCount;
12 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
13 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
14 query.setFirstResult(start);
15 query.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
16 List list = query.list();
17 hp.put("courses", (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]));
18 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
19 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
20 return hp;
21 }
22
23 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo, String stu_name)
24 throws Exception {
25 HashMap hp = new HashMap();
26 Students stu = this.getStudetFromName(stu_name);
27 Integer stu_id = stu.getId();
28 Criteria criteria = coursesDao.getCriteria(History.class);
29 criteria.createCriteria("student").add(Expression.eq("name", stu_name));
30 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
31 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
32 int start = pageinfo.getStart();
33 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? criteria.list().size() : totalCount;
34 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? studentsDao.getTotalPage(totalCount,
35 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage;
36 criteria.setFirstResult(start);
37 criteria.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize());
38 criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("id"));
39 List list = criteria.list();
40 hp.put("history", (History[]) list.toArray(new History[0]));
41 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount));
42 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage));
43 return hp;
44 }
45 PageIngfo.java
46 public class PageInfo {
47
48 int pageNo=0;
49 int totalpage=-1;
50 int tatalCount=-1;
51 int pageSize=0;
52 int start=0;
53
54
可以看到getCourse和getStudentHistory有很多相似之處，Hibernate爲Query和Criteria提供了針對不同數據庫的解決分頁方法， Quey需要我們寫HSQL， Criteria不但可以應付帶有條件的查詢，還不用我們自己寫HSQL，PageInfo是含有分頁信息的普通java類。
再看看Struts是如何調用getStudentHistory 的，
1 PageAction.java
2 public class PageAction extends BaseDispatchAction{
3 public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
4 ActionForm form,
5 HttpServletRequest request,
6 HttpServletResponse response)
7 throws Exception {
8 String pageNo=request.getParameter("pageNo");
9 String totalcount=request.getParameter("totalcount");
10 String totalpage=request.getParameter("totalpage");
11 int pagesize=2;//每頁的大小
12 PageInfo page =new PageInfo();
13 page.setPageSize(pagesize);
14 HashMap hp=null;
15 History[] historys = null;
16 String stu_name=null;
17 HttpSession session = request.getSession();
18 stu_name = (String) session.getAttribute("userName");
19 if(pageNo == null || totalcount == null || totalpage==null){
20 //第一次發送請求
21 page.setPageNo(1);
22 hp=super.getStudentsService().getStudentHistory(page,stu_name);
23 page.setTatalCount(((Integer)hp.get("totalCount")).intValue());
24 page.setTotalpage(((Integer)hp.get("totalPage")).intValue());
25 }else{
26 page.setPageNo(Integer.parseInt(pageNo));
27 page.setTatalCount(Integer.parseInt(totalcount));
28 page.setTotalpage(Integer.parseInt(totalpage));
29 hp=super.getStudentsService().getStudentHistory(page,stu_name);
30
31 }
32 historys =(History[]) hp.get("history");
33 request.setAttribute("history",historys);
34 request.setAttribute("pageinfo",page);
35 return mapping.findForward("success");
36 }
37 }
38
2 public class PageAction extends BaseDispatchAction{
3 public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
4 ActionForm form,
5 HttpServletRequest request,
6 HttpServletResponse response)
7 throws Exception {
8 String pageNo=request.getParameter("pageNo");
9 String totalcount=request.getParameter("totalcount");
10 String totalpage=request.getParameter("totalpage");
11 int pagesize=2;//每頁的大小
12 PageInfo page =new PageInfo();
13 page.setPageSize(pagesize);
14 HashMap hp=null;
15 History[] historys = null;
16 String stu_name=null;
17 HttpSession session = request.getSession();
18 stu_name = (String) session.getAttribute("userName");
19 if(pageNo == null || totalcount == null || totalpage==null){
20 //第一次發送請求
21 page.setPageNo(1);
22 hp=super.getStudentsService().getStudentHistory(page,stu_name);
23 page.setTatalCount(((Integer)hp.get("totalCount")).intValue());
24 page.setTotalpage(((Integer)hp.get("totalPage")).intValue());
25 }else{
26 page.setPageNo(Integer.parseInt(pageNo));
27 page.setTatalCount(Integer.parseInt(totalcount));
28 page.setTotalpage(Integer.parseInt(totalpage));
29 hp=super.getStudentsService().getStudentHistory(page,stu_name);
30
31 }
32 historys =(History[]) hp.get("history");
33 request.setAttribute("history",historys);
34 request.setAttribute("pageinfo",page);
35 return mapping.findForward("success");
36 }
37 }
38
在stu_his_Content.jsp中避免代碼重複使用了自定義標誌來處理分頁
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 <html:html locale="true">
9 <body>
10
14 <table width="550" border="1" cellspacing="0" align="center" cellpadding="0">
15 <tr>
16 <td><bean:message key="class.id"/>td>
17 <td><bean:message key="course.name"/>td>
18 <td><bean:message key="enrol.time"/>td>
19 <td><bean:message key="score"/>td>
20 <td><bean:message key="marking"/>td>
21 tr>
22
26 <tr>
27 <td>td>
28 <td>td>
29 <td>td>
30 <td>td>
31 <td>td>
32 tr>
33
36 table>
37 <mytag:page pageinfo="" action="getHistory.do"/>
38 body>
39 html:html>
40
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 <html:html locale="true">
9 <body>
10
14 <table width="550" border="1" cellspacing="0" align="center" cellpadding="0">
15 <tr>
16 <td><bean:message key="class.id"/>td>
17 <td><bean:message key="course.name"/>td>
18 <td><bean:message key="enrol.time"/>td>
19 <td><bean:message key="score"/>td>
20 <td><bean:message key="marking"/>td>
21 tr>
22
26 <tr>
27 <td>td>
28 <td>td>
29 <td>td>
30 <td>td>
31 <td>td>
32 tr>
33
36 table>
37 <mytag:page pageinfo="" action="getHistory.do"/>
38 body>
39 html:html>
40
標誌處理類如下：
1 PageTag.java
2
3 public class PageTag extends SimpleTagSupport {
4
5 private PageInfo pageinfo = null;
6 private String action = null;
7
8 public String getAction() {
9 return action;}
10 public void setAction(String action) {
11 this.action = action;
12 }
13 public PageInfo getPageinfo() {
14 return pageinfo;
15 }
16 public void setPageinfo(PageInfo pageinfo) {
17 this.pageinfo = pageinfo;
18 }
19
20 public void doTag() throws JspException, IOException {
21 JspWriter out = getJspContext().getOut();
22
23 int totalpage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
24 int totalcount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
25 int pageNo = pageinfo.getPageNo();
26 int addPageNo = pageNo + 1;
27 int minPageNo = pageNo - 1;
28
29 out.println(""400/" align=/"center/" cellPadding=/"0/" cellSpacing=/"0/"> ");
30 out.print("");
31 out.println("共" + totalcount + "條，" + totalpage + "頁，當前"
32 + pageNo + "頁
2
3 public class PageTag extends SimpleTagSupport {
4
5 private PageInfo pageinfo = null;
6 private String action = null;
7
8 public String getAction() {
9 return action;}
10 public void setAction(String action) {
11 this.action = action;
12 }
13 public PageInfo getPageinfo() {
14 return pageinfo;
15 }
16 public void setPageinfo(PageInfo pageinfo) {
17 this.pageinfo = pageinfo;
18 }
19
20 public void doTag() throws JspException, IOException {
21 JspWriter out = getJspContext().getOut();
22
23 int totalpage = pageinfo.getTotalpage();
24 int totalcount = pageinfo.getTatalCount();
25 int pageNo = pageinfo.getPageNo();
26 int addPageNo = pageNo + 1;
27 int minPageNo = pageNo - 1;
28
29 out.println(""400/" align=/"center/" cellPadding=/"0/" cellSpacing=/"0/"> ");
30 out.print("");
31 out.println("共" + totalcount + "條，" + totalpage + "頁，當前"
32 + pageNo + "頁
1 <controller
2 contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8"
3 locale="true"
4 nocache="true"
5 processorClass="limq.struts.CustomRequestProcessor"/>
6
2 contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8"
3 locale="true"
4 nocache="true"
5 processorClass="limq.struts.CustomRequestProcessor"/>
6
1 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id) {
2 return (Courses) coursesDao.loadByKey(Courses.class, "id", id);
3 }
4
2 return (Courses) coursesDao.loadByKey(Courses.class, "id", id);
3 }
4
由於我們使用了lazy = "true"，如果想在UI層使用實體對象關聯來獲得其他對象時就會有這樣的提示：
org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException: failed to lazily initialize a collection
Spring 中引入了 OpenSessionInView模式可以處理以上問題，即在web.xml中加入以上代碼。
接下來建立抽象BaseAction，和 BaseDispatchAction，其中後者與前者相似目的爲減少Action的數量
1 abstract class BaseAction extends Action {
2
3 private IStudentsService studentsService;
4 private ITeachersService teachersSerivce;
5 private IAdminService adminService;
6 public void setServlet(ActionServlet actionServlet) {
7 super.setServlet(actionServlet);
8 ServletContext servletContext = actionServlet.getServletContext();
9 WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils
10 .getRequiredWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
11
12 this.studentsService = (IStudentsService) wac.getBean("studentManager");
13 this.adminService = (IAdminService) wac.getBean("adminManager");
14 this.teachersSerivce = (ITeachersService) wac.getBean("teacherManager");
15 }
16 public IStudentsService getStudentsService() {
17 return studentsService;
18 }
19 public ITeachersService getTeachersSerivce() {
20 return teachersSerivce;
21 }
22 public void setTeachersSerivce(ITeachersService teachersSerivce) {
23 this.teachersSerivce = teachersSerivce;
24 }
25 public IAdminService getAdminService() {
26 return adminService;
27 }
28 public void setAdminService(IAdminService adminService) {
29 this.adminService = adminService;
30 }
31 }
32
2
3 private IStudentsService studentsService;
4 private ITeachersService teachersSerivce;
5 private IAdminService adminService;
6 public void setServlet(ActionServlet actionServlet) {
7 super.setServlet(actionServlet);
8 ServletContext servletContext = actionServlet.getServletContext();
9 WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils
10 .getRequiredWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
11
12 this.studentsService = (IStudentsService) wac.getBean("studentManager");
13 this.adminService = (IAdminService) wac.getBean("adminManager");
14 this.teachersSerivce = (ITeachersService) wac.getBean("teacherManager");
15 }
16 public IStudentsService getStudentsService() {
17 return studentsService;
18 }
19 public ITeachersService getTeachersSerivce() {
20 return teachersSerivce;
21 }
22 public void setTeachersSerivce(ITeachersService teachersSerivce) {
23 this.teachersSerivce = teachersSerivce;
24 }
25 public IAdminService getAdminService() {
26 return adminService;
27 }
28 public void setAdminService(IAdminService adminService) {
29 this.adminService = adminService;
30 }
31 }
32
BaseDispatchAction與之類似，請查看源碼。其他Action都從這兩個類繼承。
以下就以查看課程下的班級爲例演示Struts與Spring的使用：
2 DAO 數據訪問層
首先，編寫IBaseDao與BaseDao，其中IBaseDao代碼如下：
1 package limq.hibernate.dao;
2
3 import java.util.Collection;
4 import java.util.List;
5 import net.sf.hibernate.Criteria;
6 import net.sf.hibernate.Query;
7 import net.sf.hibernate.Session;
8 import limq.exception.DaoException;
9
10 public interface IBaseDao {
11
12 public Session openSession();
13
14 public int getTotalCount( String hql) throws Exception;
15
16 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception;
17
18 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception;
19
20 public int getTotalPage(int totalCount,int pageSize);
21
22 public void create(Object entity);
23
24 public void update(Object entity);
25
26 public void delete(Object entity) throws DaoException;
27
28 public void deleteAll(Class clazz) throws DaoException;
29
30 public void deleteAll(Collection entities) throws DaoException;
31
32 public Object loadByKey(Class clazz, String keyName, Object keyValue);
33
34 public List find(String queryString) throws DaoException;
35
36 public List find(String queryString, Object param) throws DaoException;
37
38 public List find(String queryString, Object[] params) throws DaoException;
39
40 }
41
2
3 import java.util.Collection;
4 import java.util.List;
5 import net.sf.hibernate.Criteria;
6 import net.sf.hibernate.Query;
7 import net.sf.hibernate.Session;
8 import limq.exception.DaoException;
9
10 public interface IBaseDao {
11
12 public Session openSession();
13
14 public int getTotalCount( String hql) throws Exception;
15
16 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception;
17
18 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception;
19
20 public int getTotalPage(int totalCount,int pageSize);
21
22 public void create(Object entity);
23
24 public void update(Object entity);
25
26 public void delete(Object entity) throws DaoException;
27
28 public void deleteAll(Class clazz) throws DaoException;
29
30 public void deleteAll(Collection entities) throws DaoException;
31
32 public Object loadByKey(Class clazz, String keyName, Object keyValue);
33
34 public List find(String queryString) throws DaoException;
35
36 public List find(String queryString, Object param) throws DaoException;
37
38 public List find(String queryString, Object[] params) throws DaoException;
39
40 }
41
BaseDao繼承org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.HibernateDaoSupport
實現以上的 定義的方法
如：
可以看到，這裏即充分利用了Spring對Hibernate的支持，還彌補了Spring的不足。最後分別爲每個持久對象建立Interface，以及DAO，使其分別繼承IBaseDao與BaseDao。
如IDepartment，DepartmentDao
1 public void create(Object entity) {
2 try {
3 getHibernateTemplate().save(entity);
4
5 } catch (Exception e) {
6 log.error("保存 " + entity.getClass().getName() + " 實例到數據庫失敗", e);
7
8 }
9 }
10 /**
11 * 獲得session
12 */
13 public Session openSession() {
14 return SessionFactoryUtils.getSession(getSessionFactory(), false);
15 }
16
17 /**
18 * 獲得Query對象
19 */
20 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception{
21 Session session = this.openSession();
22 Query query = session.createQuery(sql);
23 return query;
24 }
25 /**
26 * 獲得Criteria對象
27 */
28 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception{
29
30 Session session=this.openSession();
31 Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(clazz);
32 return criteria;
33 }
34
2 try {
3 getHibernateTemplate().save(entity);
4
5 } catch (Exception e) {
6 log.error("保存 " + entity.getClass().getName() + " 實例到數據庫失敗", e);
7
8 }
9 }
10 /**
11 * 獲得session
12 */
13 public Session openSession() {
14 return SessionFactoryUtils.getSession(getSessionFactory(), false);
15 }
16
17 /**
18 * 獲得Query對象
19 */
20 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception{
21 Session session = this.openSession();
22 Query query = session.createQuery(sql);
23 return query;
24 }
25 /**
26 * 獲得Criteria對象
27 */
28 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception{
29
30 Session session=this.openSession();
31 Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(clazz);
32 return criteria;
33 }
34
同樣在History.cfg.xml中加入：
1 <many-to-one name="student"
2 class="limq.hibernate.vo.Students"
3 column="student_id" >
4 many-to-one>
5
");2 class="limq.hibernate.vo.Students"
3 column="student_id" >
4 many-to-one>
5
33 out.println(" ");
34 if (pageNo > 1) {
35 out
36 .println("&"/StudentManger/" + action
37 + "?pageNo=1"+ "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount="
38 + totalcount + "/">" );
39 }
40 out.print("首頁");
41 out.println(" ");
42 if (pageNo > 1) {
43 out.println("&"/StudentManger/" + action + "?pageNo="
44 + minPageNo + "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount="
45 + totalcount + "/">");
46 }
47 out.print("上頁");
48 out.println(" ");
49 if (pageNo < totalpage) {
50 out.println("&"/StudentManger/" + action + "?pageNo="
51 + addPageNo + "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount="
52 + totalcount + "/">");
53 }
54 out.print("下頁");
55 out.println(" ");
56 if (pageNo < totalpage) {
57
58 out.println(""/StudentManger/" + action + "?pageNo="
59 + totalpage + "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount="
60 + totalcount + "/">");
61
62 }
63 out.print("末頁");
64 out.println(" ");
65 out.println(" ");
66
67 }
68
69 }
70
5 中文亂碼問題：
1 數據庫：MYSQL 4.1 （或以上版本）4.1直接支持Unicode，以下版本支持的不好。
2 驅動： MySQL JDBC Driver的3.0.16（或以上版本）
3 在數據庫中做如下設定
4 在建立表時同樣加上ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk
![pic6.JPG]()
5 配置hibernate.cfg.xml
1 <property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Studentproperty>
2 <property name="dialect">net.sf.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialectproperty>
3 <property name="connection.password">property>
4 <property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driverproperty>
5
2 <property name="dialect">net.sf.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialectproperty>
3 <property name="connection.password">property>
4 <property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driverproperty>
5
robbin： MySQL JDBC Driver的3.0.16也是一個分水嶺，3.0.16版本會取數據庫本身的編碼，然後按照該編碼轉換，這種方式和Oracle的JDBC Driver是一樣的。例如你的數據庫是GBK編碼的話，JDBC Driver就會把數據庫裏面的取出來的字符串按照GBK往unicode轉換，送給JVM。因此正確的設置數據庫本身的編碼就尤爲重要。
MySQL JDBC Driver3.0.16以下的版本則不然，它不會那麼智能的根據數據庫編碼來確定如何轉換，它總是默認使用ISO8859-1，因此你必須使用 characterEncoding=GBK來強制他把數據庫中取出來的字符串按照GBK來往unicode轉換。
因此，使用什麼數據庫版本，不管是3.x，還是4.0.x還是4.1.x，其實對我們來說不重要，重要的有二：
1) 正確的設定數據庫編碼，MySQL4.0以下版本的字符集總是默認ISO8859-1，MySQL4.1在安裝的時候會讓你選擇。如果你準備使用UTF- 8，那麼在創建數據庫的時候就要指定好UTF-8(創建好以後也可以改，4.1以上版本還可以單獨指定表的字符集)
2) 使用3.0.16以上版本的JDBC Driver，那麼你就不需要再寫什麼characterEncoding=UTF-8
因此，使用什麼數據庫版本，不管是3.x，還是4.0.x還是4.1.x，其實對我們來說不重要，重要的有二：
1) 正確的設定數據庫編碼，MySQL4.0以下版本的字符集總是默認ISO8859-1，MySQL4.1在安裝的時候會讓你選擇。如果你準備使用UTF- 8，那麼在創建數據庫的時候就要指定好UTF-8(創建好以後也可以改，4.1以上版本還可以單獨指定表的字符集)
2) 使用3.0.16以上版本的JDBC Driver，那麼你就不需要再寫什麼characterEncoding=UTF-8
6 開發工具介紹
MyEclipse 3.8
首先添加用戶庫，如下圖將Struts,Spring,Hibernate 的庫添加到用戶庫中
如果出現環境問題可能你的Struts包有問題，請到http://struts.apache.org/download.cgi下載struts-1.2.7-lib.zip 。
具體使用參考http://www.laliluna.de/struts-hibernate-integration-tutorial-en.html
總結
本文至此已將Struts+Sprng+Hibernate的大致思路以及本人所遇到的難點，重點介紹完了。
其中管理員我只完成了對學生的部分，其他功能大同小異，有興趣的讀者不妨動手試試。最後建議初學者不要直接使用Spring對Hibernate的封裝，而是從Hibernate學起，先要學會自己管理Session，Transaction，然後在用Spring，這樣理解會更深刻。
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CREATE TABLE `students` (
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`id` int(20) NOT NULL default '0',
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`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL default '',
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`department_id` int(11) default NULL,
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`password` varchar(20) default NULL,
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`score` double(15,3) default NULL,
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PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
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) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk
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介紹
CREATE TABLE `students` (2
`id` int(20) NOT NULL default '0',3
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL default '',4
`department_id` int(11) default NULL,5
`password` varchar(20) default NULL,6
`score` double(15,3) default NULL,7
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)8
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk9