初識C++之運算符重載

C++裏面有一個叫作運算符重載的特性,它其實是基於函數實現的,下面就來介紹一下運算符重載。

1、What
 C++中預定義的運算符的操作對象只能是基本數據類型。但實際上,對於許多用戶自定義類型(例如類),也需要類似的運算操作。這時就必須在C++中重新定義這些運算符,賦予已有運算符新的功能,使它能夠用於特定類型執行特定的操作。運算符重載的實質是函數重載,它提供了C++的可擴展性,也是C++最吸引人的特性之一。
  運算符重載函數的定義與其他函數的定義類似,惟一的區別是運算符重載函數的函數名是由關鍵字operator和其後要重載的運算符符號構成的。運算符函數定義的一般格式如下:
  返回值 opreator 運算符(參數列表)
  {
   函數體
  }
當然,並不是所有運算符都可以實現重載,下面列舉了能實現重載和不能實現重載的運算符。
這裏寫圖片描述

這裏寫圖片描述

2、Notice
a. 不能通過連接其他符號來創建新的操作符:比如operator@;
b. 重載操作符必須有一個類類型或者枚舉類型的操作數;

   int operator +(const int _iNum1 , const int _iNum2 )   // 報錯
   {
       return ( _iNum1 + _iNum2);
   }

   typedef enum TEST {one ,two ,three };
   int operator+(const int _iNum1 , const TEST _test )   //正確
   {
        return _iNum1;
   }

c. 用於內置類型的操作符,其含義不能改變,例如:內置的整型+,不能改變其含義;
d. 不再具備短求值特性
重載操作符不能保證操作符的求值順序,在重載&&和||中,對每個操作數都要進行求值,而且對操作數的求值順序不能做規定,因此:重載&&、||和逗號操作符不是好的做法。
e. 作爲類成員的重載函數,其形參看起來比操作數數目少1

成員函數的操作符有一個默認的形參this,限定爲第一個形參。

  CTest operator+(const CTest test1, const CTest test2)const   // 報錯
   {
        return test1;
   }

   CTest operator+(const CTest test1)const
   {
        return test1;
   }

f. 一般將算術操作符定義爲非成員函數,將賦值運算符定義成員函數
g. 操作符定義爲非類的成員函數時,一般將其定義爲類的友元
h. == 和 != 操作符一般要成對重載
i.下標操作符[]:一個非const成員並返回引用,一個是const成員並返回引用
j. 解引用操作符*和->操作符,不顯示任何參數
k. 自增自減操作符
前置式++/–必須返回被增量或者減量的引用
後綴式操作符必須返回舊值,並且應該是值返回而不是引用返回
l. 輸入操作符>>和輸出操作符<<必須定義爲類的友元函數

3、Realize

通過一個複數類來深入認識運算符重載

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//實現複數類
class Complex
{
public:
    Complex(const double real = 0.0, const double image = 0.0)
        :_real(real)
        , _image(image)
    {
        cout << "Create:" << this << endl;
    }
    Complex(const Complex& complex)
        :_real(complex._real)
        , _image(complex._image)
    {
        cout << "Copy Create:" << this << endl;
    }
    ~Complex()
    {
        cout << "Destroy:" << this << endl;
    }
    void Print()
    {
        cout << "real:" << _real << "    image:" << _image << endl;
    }
    //實現各個運算符的重載
    //= + - * /
    Complex& operator=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        if (this != &complex)
        {
            _real = complex._real;
            _image = complex._image;
        }
        return *this;
    }
    Complex operator+(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return Complex(_real + complex._real, _image + complex._image);
    }
    Complex operator-(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return Complex(_real - complex._real, _image - complex._image);
    }
    Complex operator*(const Complex& complex)
    {
        //複數乘法:(a+bi) * (c+di) = (ac-bd)+ (ad+bc)i
        return Complex((_real*complex._real - _image*complex._image), (_real*complex._image + _image*complex._real));
    }
    Complex operator/(const Complex& complex)
    {
        //複數除法:(a+bi) / (c+di) = (ac+bd)/(c*c+d*d) + (bc-ad)i/(c*c+d*d)
        return Complex((_real*complex._real + _image*complex._image) / (complex._real*complex._real + complex._image*complex._image), \
                       (_image*complex._real - _real*complex._image) / (complex._real*complex._real + complex._image*complex._image));
    }
    //+= -= *= /=
    Complex operator+=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        _real += complex._real;
        _image += complex._image;
        return *this;
    }
    Complex operator-=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        _real -= complex._real;
        _image -= complex._image;
        return *this;
    }
    Complex operator*=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        //因爲下面的運算中用到的都是_real和_image的初始值,所以在這兒先把它們的初始值保存下來(temp2可以不用定義直接用_image)
        double temp1 = _real;
        double temp2 = _image;
        _real = temp1*complex._real - temp2*complex._image;
        _image = temp1*complex._image + temp2*complex._real;
        return *this;
    }
    Complex operator/=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        double temp1 = _real;
        double temp2 = _image;
        _real = (temp1*complex._real + temp2*complex._image) / (complex._real*complex._real + complex._image*complex._image);
        _image = (temp2*complex._real - temp1*complex._image) / (complex._real*complex._real + complex._image*complex._image);
        return *this;
    }
    //> >= < <= == !=
    bool operator>(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return _real > complex._real;
    }
    bool operator>=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return _real >= complex._real;
    }
    bool operator<(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return _real < complex._real;
    }
    bool operator<=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return _real <= complex._real;
    }
    //上面四個函數只比較實部是因爲:複數實部不爲0,那麼此時它是一個虛數,無法比較大小,這兒只是爲了說明這幾個運算符的
    //重載是如何實現的,沒有實際的邏輯意義
    bool operator ==(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return (_real == complex._real) && (_image == complex._image);
    }
    bool operator !=(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return (_real != complex._real) || (_image != complex._image);
    }
    //前置++ --
    Complex& operator++()
    {
        _real++;
        _image++;
        return *this;
    }
    Complex& operator--()
    {
        _real--;
        _image--;
        return *this;
    }
    //後置++ --
    Complex operator++(int)
    {
        //因爲後置的++和--,是先賦值,再++或--,所以這兒用一個臨時變量來記住變量的值,然後把該變量自加1,
        //此時變量的值已經變了,但因爲返回的是變量自加之前的值,所以整個表達式的值是該變量自加前的值
        Complex temp(*this);
        _real++;
        _image++;
        return temp;
    }
    Complex operator--(int)
    {
        Complex temp(*this);
        _real--;
        _image--;
        return temp;
    }
    //邏輯運算 && || !
    bool operator&&(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return ((_real != 0 || _image != 0) && (complex._real != 0 || complex._image != 0));
    }
    bool operator||(const Complex& complex)
    {
        return ((_real != 0 || _image != 0) || (complex._real != 0 || complex._image != 0));
    }
    bool operator!()
    {
        return !(_real != 0 || _image != 0);
    }
private:
    double _real;
    double _image;
};

//Test Complex() / Complex(const Complex& complex) / ~Complex() / Print() 
void TestFun1()
{
    Complex c1;
    Complex c2(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c3(c2);
    c1.Print();
    c2.Print();
    c3.Print();
}

//Test operator= / operator+ / operator- / operator* / operator/
void TestFun2()
{
    Complex c1(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c2(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c3(0.0, 0.0);
    c3 = c2;
    Complex c4 = c1 + c2;
    Complex c5 = c1 - c2;
    Complex c6 = c1 * c2;
    Complex c7 = c1 / c2;
    c1.Print();
    c2.Print();
    c3.Print();
    c4.Print();
    c5.Print();
    c6.Print();
    c7.Print();
}

//Test operator+= / operator-= / operator*= / operator/=
void TestFun3()
{
    Complex c1(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c2(0.0, 0.0);
    Complex c3(0.0, 0.0);
    Complex c4(1.0, 1.0);
    Complex c5(1.1, 2.2);
    c2 += c1;
    c3 -= c1;
    c4 *= c1;
    c5 /= c1;
    c1.Print();
    c2.Print();
    c3.Print();
    c4.Print();
    c5.Print();
}

//Test operator> / operator>= / operator< / operator<= / operator== / operator!=
void TestFun4()
{
    Complex c1(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c2(0.0, 0.0);
    bool b1 = c1 > c2;
    bool b2 = c1 >= c2;
    bool b3 = c1 < c2;
    bool b4 = c1 <= c2;
    bool b5 = c1 == c2;
    bool b6 = c1 != c2;
    cout << b1 << ' ' << b2 << ' ' << b3 << ' ' << b4 << ' ' << b5 << ' ' << b6 << endl;
}

//Test  operator++() /  operator++(int) / operator--() / operator--(int)
void TestFun5()
{
    Complex c1(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c2(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex temp(0.0, 0.0);
    //因爲要是直接用c1或c2輸出,那麼在輸出時c1、c2的值已經是++或--運算的下一次使用了,因此用temp記住使用前的值
    temp = ++c1;
    temp.Print();
    temp = c1++;
    temp.Print();
    temp = --c2;
    temp.Print();
    temp = c2--;
    temp.Print();
}

//Test operator&& / operator|| / operator!
void TestFun6()
{
    Complex c1(1.1, 2.2);
    Complex c2(0.0, 0.0);
    bool b1 = c1 && c2;
    bool b2 = c1 || c2;
    bool b3 = !c2;
    cout << b1 << ' ' <<  ' ' <<  b2 << ' ' << b3 << endl;
}

int main()
{
    //TestFun1();
    //TestFun2();
    TestFun3();
    //TestFun4();
    //TestFun5();
    //TestFun6();
    getchar();
    return 0;
}
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