98年 翻譯題解：
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, / for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago. 第二、句子主幹結構是：主句+ for +原因狀語從句。 1)主句是強調句it was... that...被強調部分the farthest是後面句子的狀語，可以理解爲scientists had been able to look the farthestsintosthe past 2) for...引導的原因狀語從句是一個系表結構，what they were seeing是從句中的主語，that...是名詞表語the patterns and structures的定語從句。 第三、詞的處理： even more important (省略)更爲重要的是 the patterns and structures (宇宙雲的)形狀和結構 15 billion years ago 150億年前
完整的譯文： 71)但更爲重要的是，這是科學家們所能觀測到的最遙遠的過去的景象，因爲他們看到的是150億年前宇宙雲的形狀和結構。
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, / first put forward in the 1920s, / to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 第二、句子的主幹結構是一個簡單句。 1)整體結構是：The existence... was virtually required for..., to maintain...2)first put forward in the 1920s是過去分詞短語作插入語，說明前面的名詞the Big Bang 3)後面的不定式短語是補語。 第三、詞的處理： the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)雲 virtually 事實上，實際上，實質上 the Big Bang 大爆炸理論 first put forward 首創的，開始提出的 in the 1920s 二十年代 to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位 explanation of the cosmos 對宇宙(起源論)的解釋
完整的譯文： 72)巨大的宇宙雲的存在，實際上是使二十年代首創的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導地位所必不可少的。
73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments / are closing in on such structures, / and may report their findings soon. 第二、句子主幹結構是： 1)主語+並列謂語Astrophysicists...are closing...and may report...2)分詞短語working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments是主語的定語。
第三、詞的處理： working with 使用，以……爲工作手段 ground-based detectors 陸基探測器 the South Pole 南極 balloon-borne instruments 球載儀器 are closing in on 正越來越近 structures 雲系 findings 觀測結果
完整的譯文： 73)天體物理學家使用南極陸基探測器及球載儀器，正越來越近地觀測這些雲系，也許不久會報告他們的觀測結果。
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：If the small hot spots look as expected, / that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, / a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是“If引導的條件句，主句”。 2)look as expected是look as they are expected的省略，意思是“看上去和預想的一樣”。 3)another scientific idea和後面的短語a refinement of the Big Bang是同位語關係。 4)過去分詞短語called the inflationary universe theory作定語，修飾the Big Bang. 第三、詞的處理： the small hot spots 小熱點 refinement 更完美，提煉，改進 the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨脹說(理論)
完整的譯文： 74)假如那些小熱點看上去同預計的一致，那就意味着又一科學論說的勝利，這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說。
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是倒裝的讓步狀語從句+主句。Odd though it sounds = though it sounds odd 2) consequence前後有多重定語。 3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced爲被動結構。 4) that it is true是賓語從句。 第三、詞的處理： cosmic inflation 宇宙膨脹說 scientifically plausible consequence 科學上可信的推論 in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理學 convinced 被說服，相信 for the better part of a decade 七八年來
完整的譯文： 75)宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七八年來一直認爲這一論說是正確的。
97年 翻譯題解：
71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.第二、句子主幹結構是主從複合句。 1)because引導原因狀語從句 2)that引導賓語從句，從句中是存在句結構there is an agreed account of human rights, 3)which從句的先行詞是human rights，something後面是定語從句the world does not have. 第三、詞的處理： Actually 事實上 it主語代詞，根據上下文意思這種問法，這種說法，isn't後面省略的詞應該是so或true an agreed account 約定的看法，共同的認識 human rights 人的權利，人權完整的譯文： 71)事實並非如此，因爲這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同的認識爲基礎的，而這種共同認識並不存在。
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是主從複合句：Some philosophers argue that... 2)that引導的是賓語從句 3)as part of...是賓語從句中的rights的主語補足語。 第三、詞的處理： argue 論證 a social contract 社會契約 as part of 作爲(是)……的一部分 entitlements 利益，權利 完整的譯文： 72)有些哲學家論證說，權利只存在社會契約中，是責任與利益相交換的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 第二、句子的結構是： 1)it invites you to think that...後面是賓語從句。 2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要麼……要麼……，是表示選擇的方式狀語。 3)the consideration後面的humans extend to other humans是定語。 第三、詞的處理： leads ...to extremes 引向極端 at the outset 從一開始 invites you to think 使人們認爲 consideration 關切，體諒 humans extend to other humans 人對待人完整的譯文： 73)這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認爲應這樣對待動物：要麼像對人類自身一樣關切體諒，要麼完全冷漠無情。
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是現在分詞短語狀語，主語+謂語+賓語從句。Arguing from...現在分詞短語作狀語。 2) the view和後面的從句that...是同位語關係 3) that...引導賓語從句。 第三、詞的處理： Arguing from the view 從……觀點看，持……觀點 different from... 與……不同 in every relevant respect 在各相關方面 extremists 極端主義者，持極端觀點的人 lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德問題範圍，與道德取捨無關完整的譯文： 74)這類人持極端看法，認爲人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 第二、句子主幹結構是兩個複合句： 1)When...是前一個複合句的時間狀語 2)instinct後面的介詞短語for moral reasoning in action是它的定語 3)that...是定語從句，修飾先行詞an instinct，從句中是被動語態結構，表示選擇。 第三、詞的處理： that (代詞作主語)聯繫上下文譯爲這種反應 mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人類道德觀念推理的本能 in action 起作用 rather than 而不完整的譯文： 75)這種反應並不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應得到鼓勵而不應遭到嘲弄。
96年 翻譯題解：
71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是對比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of... 2) particular advances後面有多重定語in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 第三、詞的處理： are... results of 是……的結果，來自於 social needs 社會需求 to some extent 在一定程度上 self-accelerating 自我加速 完整的譯文： 71)在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求，另一些則是由於科學在一定程度上自我加速而產生某些特定發展的必然結果。
72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是主句+ when引導的時間狀語，when = at that time當時，那時。 2)第一個that從句是主句賓語the conclusion的同位語。 3)that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定語從句中的主語從句 4)cannot generally be foreseen in detail是賓語從句的謂語。第三、詞的處理： trend 趨勢 came to the conclusion 得出結論 the specific demands 具體要求 make of 向……提出 scientific establishment 科研機構 in detail 詳盡 完整的譯文： 72)這種趨勢始於第二次世界大戰期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結論：政府向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預見的。
73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible consequence in the future. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是系詞+過去分詞+被動賓語：This seems mostly effectively done by... 2)research後面是雙重定語not related to... but of...由此斷定related to意思等於of 第三、詞的處理： This (主語代詞要譯出來)這一問題 done 解決 not related to 與……無關 immediate goals 當前目標 possible consequence 可能的影響 完整的譯文： 73)給某些與當前目標無關但將來可能產生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。
74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是the world is so... that... 2) some後面有多重定語of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.第三、詞的處理： elegant systems (精美的)完美的體系 in principle 一般而言 deal with 解決，處理 aspects 原義是方面，聯繫上下文譯成課題，問題 完整的譯文： 74)然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。
75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance. 第二、句子的結構： 1)as well as和，以及，連接兩個並列主語，must arise作句子謂語 2)as they have in the past方式狀語，as就像是……，同……一樣 3)giving rise to...表示伴隨狀語。 第三、詞的處理： New forms of thought 新的思維方式 new subjects for thought 新的思維對象 arise 出現 giving rise to 給出，產生，帶來 new standards of elegance 完美的新標準 完整的譯文： 75)同過去一樣，將來必然會出現新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標準
95年 翻譯題解：
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 第二、句子主幹結構是：簡單句加for引導的原因狀語。後面的that引導的是定語從句。第三、詞的處理 The target 根據上下文，這裏特指標準化測試 divert attention from 原義是把注意力引開，引申爲沒有注意到lies with在於ill-informed 不甚瞭解incompetent users(詞性轉換)使用不當完整的譯文：71)把標準化測試作爲抨擊的目標是錯誤的，因爲在抨擊這類測試時，批評者沒有注意到測試的弊病在於使用測試的人對測試不甚瞭解或使用不當。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted 句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted 第二、句子主幹結構是： 1)How well...引導的被動結構是主語從句，How well是主語從句中的狀語前置，depends是句子謂語2)depends後面兩個介詞短語作並列賓語upon...and on... 3) the information used是名詞+定語4)with which it is interpreted定語從句，先行詞是the skill and wisdom，代詞it指代the information 第三、詞的處理： be validated by 爲……所證實 depends upon 取決於 reliability 可靠性 appropriateness 適應性 interpreted 解釋 完整的譯文： 72)這些測試在多大程度上爲後來的表現所證實，這取決於所採用信息的數量、可靠性和適應性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability. 第二、句子主幹結構是：Whether to use..., or both...引導主語從句depends是句子謂語，upon... and upon...是並列結構的雙賓語。 第三、詞的處理： Whether to..., or 是……還是…… both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情況下 therefore 因此 the evidence from experience 經驗依據 concerning 與……有關的 comparative validity 相對效度 such factors as... 諸如……等因素 完整的譯文： 73)因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是採用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關相對效度的經驗依據而定，也取決於諸如費用和有無來源等因素。
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲四段：In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是一個排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when... 2)連詞when引導的是狀語從句，意思是當……的時候，從句中都是被動結構。 3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二個從句的主語。 第三、詞的處理： In general 一般的說 work most effectively 最爲有效 be most precisely defined 很精確界定 measured 測定 完整的譯文： 74)一般的說，當所要測定的特徵能很精確界定時，測試最爲有效；而當所要測定或預測的東西不能明確地界定時，測試的效果則最差。
75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是並列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell... 2) how able是表語前置，正常語序是：... youngster might have been how able 3)最後一個句子是虛擬語氣句的倒裝結構：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等於If he had grown up... 第三、詞的處理： they 指示代詞，測試 compensate for 彌補 gross social inequality 明顯的社會不公 and thus 因此 tell 說明 underprivileged 貧困的、物質條件差的 under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環境下 完整的譯文： 75)例如，測試並不彌補明顯的社會不公，因此它們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環境下成長的話，會有多大才幹。
94年 翻譯題解： 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 第二、句子主幹結構是：not so much through... as because of...與其……倒不如…… 因爲not so much... as是個並列結構，也就是說so和as後面應該兩個詞的意思應該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應該等於because of因爲，由於。 第三、詞的處理： the insights of great men of genius是後面帶定語的名詞短語結構，後置定語的順序應該在漢語翻譯中應該倒過來，即從後往前翻譯爲：天才偉人的真知灼見。 more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool這是結構是介詞like短語做定語修飾中心詞more ordinary things，也是先翻譯定語，再翻譯中心詞：像改進了的技術和工具等更爲普通的東西。 they say插入語，按照漢語習慣，翻譯時放在句首。 完整的譯文： 71)他們說，科學的發展與其說源於天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源於改進了的技術和工具等更爲普通的東西。
72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
第二、句子主幹結構是： 1)系表結構：the scientific revolution... was largely... 2) that引導的定語從句，先行詞是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments 第三、詞的處理： In short 簡而言之 the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (詞性轉換)一系列器具的改進、發明和使用 expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直譯：在難以計數的方向擴大了科學的範圍 完整的譯文： 72)新學派的一位領袖人物堅持說：簡而言之，我們所謂的科學革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進、發明和使用，而這些改進、發明和使用使科學發展無所不及。
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science. 第二、句子主幹結構是一個簡單的被動語態句：tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ...主語部分有一個themselves反身代詞 as a source of fundamental innovation介詞短語做定語 第三、詞的處理： Over the years 多年來 philosophers of science 科學思想家們 完整的譯文： 73)工具和技術本身作爲根本性創新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被歷史學家和科學思想家們忽視了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 第二、句子主幹結構是： 1)系表結構Galileo's greatest glory was that... 2)不定式短語作定語結構the first person to turn... 3)動詞+賓語從句作目的狀語to prove that... 第三、詞的處理： turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介詞on譯成動詞)把新發明的望遠鏡對準天空 rather than 而不是完整的譯文： 74)伽利略的最光輝業績在於他在1609年第一個把新發明的望遠鏡對準天空，以證實行星是圍繞太陽旋轉而不是圍繞地球旋轉的。
75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force. 第二、句子主幹結構是： 1)表示選擇意思的從句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……還是……作句子的主語，謂語和賓語是depends on the issue 2)of which是賓語the issue的定語從句。 第三、詞的處理： increase the financing of pure science 增加對純理論科學的經費投入 at the expense of technology 減少對技術經費的投入 the driving force 動力，驅動力量 完整的譯文： 75)政府究竟是以減少對技術經費的投入來增加對純理論科學的經費投入，還是相反，這往往取決於把哪一方看作是驅動力量。 
研究生英語考試英譯漢的常用詞的翻譯名詞複數的翻譯 一般來說，名詞複數的詞義都是屬於從抽象到具體的引申。所以我們在翻譯時一定要加倍注意，以免造成歧義，可以察看以下實例：例1 The waters from the east are clear and blue ;they come from hills and valleysswheresplentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away. 譯文：東面的水流清澈碧藍，因爲那裏的山巒和山谷都被茂密的樹木覆蓋着，泥沙沒有被沖刷到河水中。 例2 Such economies may appear when compared to President Carter's pay increase for most of his aids. 譯文：如果與卡特總統爲大部分助理增加的薪金相比，這些節約措施看來也許是微不足道的。 二、冠詞的翻譯 例1 The fugitives traveled by night and rested by day. 譯文：逃亡者夜行晝伏。 例2 Four of us will fly to New York. 譯文：我們中間有四人將飛往紐約。 例3 Take an umbrella in case of rain. 譯文：帶把傘去，以防下雨 例4 The changes are an improvement in a way 譯文：這些變化從某種意義上說是一種進步。 三、情態動詞的翻譯 例1 漢語中有能願動詞，英語中有情態動詞。情態動詞的意義很不穩定，所以要準確翻譯出can,could,dare,need,may,might,shall,should,must,will,would等動詞的情態意義並不是一件容易事。一般來說，我們在理解情態動詞的意義時，應該把握兩點：一是掌握他們的基本意義，二是根據上下文來判斷。情態動詞可表示可能性、必然性、允許與拒絕、估計與判定、勸告與禁止、承諾與意願、命令與要求等各方面的意思。 漢語中的能願動詞有以下三類： (1)表“可能性”的能願動詞，如“能、能夠、會、可以、可能”等； (2)表“傾向性”的能原動詞，如“敢、肯、要、願、願意”等。 (3)表“必要性”的能願動詞，如“該、應該、應當、必須、需要”等。 通常，在英譯漢中，我們可依賴以上三類能願動詞，但有些時候，僅僅憑藉這些能願動詞還是不夠的，這就需要我們藉助於其他能夠表示情態的實義詞或虛詞來實現句子中的情態意義。下面是具體實例說明： 例1 Some psychological experiments are conducted on less regular basis and your efforts can be thankless. 分析：該句中的情態動詞can不表示“可能性、能力、意願或許可”意義，它表示的是一種偶或可能性，通常譯爲“有時會、往往會”等。 譯文：有些心理實驗做得並不很有規律，因此，你往往白費氣力。 例2 Electronic engineering and the further development of computer technology could provide the impetus needed in production. 分析：could的意義有：(1)表示過去的能力或意願，即can的過去式；(2)表示允許，常譯爲“只要…….。可以……”；(3)表示可能，只是在可能性上不及can；(4)表示“驚奇、懷疑”等，通常譯爲“竟能。真會、果真能，居然、卻不料”等(5)表虛擬，指在虛擬語氣中的使用；(6)表示“對過去時間的否定推論”，常譯爲“不可能、總不至於、不見得一定就、倒並沒有”等意思；(7)表示“委婉、敬意”等，通常譯爲“….行嗎？”或“可以、能”等。該句中的could表示的是“一般可能性”，所以我們把它譯爲“可以”。 譯文：電子工程和計算機技術的進一步發展則可以爲生產提供所需要的動力。研究生入學考試英語翻譯的方法有關翻譯的方法和具體的技巧不勝枚舉。在翻譯過程中，不可能有一種或幾種套式供譯者使用。但一般來說，翻譯主要有直譯和意譯兩大類。直譯指在譯文的語言條件下，在譯文中既保持原文的內容，又保持原文的形式，即無論從內容和形式都忠實於原文；意譯指向內容忠實於原文，不拘泥於原文的形式。這是因爲英語和漢語分屬不同的語言，兩者在詞彙句法結構和表達法等方面具有很多差異，所以當原文的思想內容與譯文的表達形式有矛盾時，就應採用意譯法，這樣譯出來的東西就更加符合漢語的語言規範。畢竟，考試時最要緊的是用通順的漢語準確表達原文的意思。下面舉例加以說明： 例1 To determine the conseauences of sleep deficit , researchers have put subjects through a set psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of mumber or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. 通過對該題的分析，我們可以看出："To determine the consequences of sleep deficit "在句中做狀語，接着是"主語+謂語+賓語"這一基本句型結構，它基本上符合漢語的表達方法，試譯如下： 譯文：爲了確定睡眠不足產生的後果，研究人員對測試對象進行了一系列的心理測試和行爲測試。例如，要求他們做一組數字加法，或讓他們回憶幾分鐘前念給他們聽的文章。 例2 Don't cross the bridge till you get to it. 像這樣的句子只能採取意譯法，譯爲： 譯文：不必擔心過早。或：不必自尋麻煩。 如果按原文字面直譯爲"到了橋邊才過橋"，未免不倫不類。再舉數例： 例3 Ruth was upsetting the other children,so I showed her the door. 譯：魯絲一直在擾亂別的孩子，我就把他攆了出去。 例4 She didn't like him much , but if she went out with him.it'd be one in the eye of Kath. 譯文：她並不怎麼喜歡他，可是如果她跟他一起出去玩，那倒可以讓凱絲心中感到不是滋味。 例5 I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it. 譯文：我要的是這樣的一個人他決心在欽敦江破釜沉舟，然後率領部隊前進。
、 2003年 翻譯題解：
61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.句子分析：完整的譯文： 61）而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環境，從而使所有其它形態的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想像。 第一、句子可以拆分爲兩段：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 第二、句子的結構是： 1) 這是個主句+分詞短語表示伴隨狀態的結構：humans have the ability to modify... thus subjecting ... 2) the environment in which they live是先行詞+定語從句。 第三、詞的處理： modify the environment in which they live 改變他們的生存環境 subjecting all other life forms to 讓所有其它形態的生命服從…… 考點總結：1）不定式短語做定語；2）介詞+定語從句；3）分詞短語表示伴隨狀態。
62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲四段：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 第二、句子的主幹結構是： 主句+ which引導的定語從句+方式狀語（in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner）+定語從句。 第三、詞的處理： Social science 社會科學 intellectual enquiry 知識探究 humans and their endeavors 人類及其行爲 reasoned 理性的 orderly 有序的 systematic 系統的 dispassioned 冷靜的 natural phenomena 自然現象 完整的譯文： 62） 社會科學是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學家研究自然現象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行爲。 考點總結：1）定語從句；2）方式狀語；3）多重並列定語。
63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲四段：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, / combined with a crosscultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 第二、句子的結構是： 1）主幹結構是一個簡單句：The emphasis..., combined with..., makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 2）主語後面帶有on data gathered first-hand是主語的定語， combined with相當於and的意思，是對主語內容的補充，perspective可以理解成主語的並列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present是perspective的定語。其中past and present是cultures的定語。 第三、詞的處理： The emphasis 翻譯時詞性轉換成動詞 data gathered first-hand 蒐集的第一手資料 combined with 加上，（這個短語不影響主語的數的變化） a cross-cultural perspective 跨文化視角this study 這一研究 完整的譯文： 63）強調蒐集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現在的文化形態時採用跨文化視角，使這一研究成爲一門獨特並且非常重要的社會科學。 考點總結：1）帶有多重修飾成分的簡單句；2）過去分詞短語做定語；3）複合賓語結構4）詞性轉換。
64) Tylor defined culture as “... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Tylor defined culture as “... that complex whole / which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits / acquired by man as a member of society.” 第二、句子的結構是： 1）主幹結構是：Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole...”其中whole是“整體”的意思。後面是一個很長的定語從句，翻譯時可以和先行詞拆開。 2）which 引導的定語從句中有多重並列賓語，acquired by man as a member of society是賓語的定語。 第三、詞的處理： Tylor 人名，按照音譯 defined culture as 將文化定義爲 that complex whole 一個複合體 belief 信仰 morals 道德 man as a member of society 人作爲社會成員 完整的譯文： 64）泰勒把文化定義爲“一個複合體，它包括人作爲社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術、道德、法律、風俗以及其它能力和習慣。 考點總結：1）定語從句；2）過去分詞短語做定語；3）多重並列賓語。
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲四段：Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, / is an abstract concept / which makes possible / immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 第二、句子的結構是： 1) 主幹結構是：主語+插入語（like the concept of） +系表結構 （is an abstract concept） + which 引導的定語從句 2) immense amounts of concrete research and understanding是動詞 makes的賓語， possible是狀語前置。 第三、詞的處理： the anthropological concept of “culture,” 人類學的“文化”概念 the concept of “set” in mathematics 數學中“集”的概念 an abstract concept 抽象概念 immense amounts of concrete research 大量的具體研究 完整的譯文： 65）因此，人類學中“文化”的概念就像數學中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認識成爲可能。 考點總結：1）表示比較的插入語；2）定語從句；3）複合賓語；4）狀語前置。
2002年
61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲兩段：One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 第二、句子的結構是： 1)主幹結構是表語從句One difficulty is that... 2)almost all of what is called behavioral science是表語從句中的主語部分，後面是簡單的謂語和賓語結構。第三、詞的處理：continues to trace behavior to繼續針對……研究行爲 behavioral science 行爲科學 states of mind 心態，意識狀態 feelings 感情 traits of character 性格特點 完整的譯文： 61)難題之一在於所謂的行爲科學幾乎全都依然從心態、情感、性格特徵、人性等方面去尋找行爲的根源。
62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 第二、句子的主幹結構是：主句+兩個並列關係的原因狀語從句之所以……，部分是因爲……，部分是因爲…… 第三、詞的處理： the explanatory items 用以解釋的要素(內容，項目) other kinds of explanations 其他解釋方式完整的譯文： 62)行爲科學之所以發展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行爲的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲四段：The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 第二、句子的主幹結構是兩個表示時間對比的並列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the selective role of...is only beginning to...每一個句子的主語都比較長，都是名詞+介詞短語結構。 第三、詞的處理： in evolution 在演化中 formulated 闡述；表述；解釋；論證 shaping 形成(造就) maintaining 保持，維護 recognized 認可，承認 完整的譯文： 63)自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環境在塑造和保持個體行爲時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識和研究。
64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是兩個並列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to... 2)in which...是practices的定語從句。 第三、詞的處理： They 它們(自由與尊嚴)，代詞做主語 possessions 所有物 autonomous (self-governing) 自主行爲的；自我管理的；自我約束的 practices 實踐活動 is held responsible for 對……負責 given credit for 認可；讚譽；給予肯定 完整的譯文： 64)自由和尊嚴(它們)是傳統理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個人對自己的行爲負責並因其業績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 第二、句子的結構是： 1)主幹結構是複合狀語從句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with it... 2) and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表達是the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的內容。 第三、詞的處理： until 如果不，直到 a technology of behavior 研究行爲的技術手段 be rejected 被拋棄；被拒絕；被反對 with it 隨之；伴隨着它完整的譯文： 65)(如果)這些問題得不到解決，研究行爲的技術手段就會繼續受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。
01年 翻譯題解：
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them / when they offend. 第二、句子的結構是： 1)主幹結構是帶雙主語的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars... 2)兩個主語都帶有定語：第一個主語television chat shows的定語是過去分詞短語hosted by robots，第二個主語cars的定語是介詞短語with pollution monitors。 3)定語從句that will disable them修飾的先行詞是pollution monitors，最後一個從句when they offend是定語從句中的狀語從句。 第三、詞的處理： television chat shows hosted by robots 由機器人主持的電視談話節目，重點詞hosted 主持 cars with pollution monitors 裝有污染監控器的汽車 disable them 使汽車失靈(停止運行)them和they指代汽車 offend 多義詞(汽車)污染超標，違規 完整的譯文： 71)屆時，將出現由機器人主持的電視談話節目以及裝有污染監控器的汽車，一旦這些汽車排污超標(違規)，監控器就會使其停駛。
72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, / computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, / relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是幾個並列的簡單句：Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have arrived. 2)dolls帶有過去分詞短語equipped with personality chips做定語，computers的後置定語是介詞短語with inbuilt personalities，personalities等於personality chips，賓語workmates rather than tools是並列結構，表示選擇。 第三、詞的處理： dolls equipped with personality chips 裝有個性芯片的玩具娃娃 personality 個性，性格 computers with inbuilt personalities 個性內置的計算機 rather than 而不是 relaxation 休閒、放鬆、娛樂、消遣 smelltelevision 氣味電視機 digital age 數字化時代 完整的譯文： 72)兒童將與裝有個性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內置的計算機將被視爲工作夥伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機前休閒，屆時數字化時代就來到了。
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, / to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates / when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 第二、句子的結構是： 1)主句是簡單句，to produce是結果狀語。 2)calendar後面的that...是定語從句。 3)後面的when引導的也是定語從句，不是時間狀語，譯作的。 4)to take place作前面名詞的定語。 第三、詞的處理： Pearson 皮爾森(人名音譯) pieced together 彙集；綜合 around the world 世界各地，全世界 produce 編制 a unique millennium technology calendar 一個獨特的技術千年歷 the latest dates 最近日期 key breakthroughs 重大突破，關鍵性突破 完整的譯文： 73)皮爾森彙集世界各地數百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的技術千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數百項重大突破和發現的最遲日期。
74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: /It will be the beginning of the long process of integration / that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是that..., is only the start of...系表結構 2) beginning後面有多重定語：兩個of短語和一個that will ultimately lead to定語從句。 3)Pearson points out插入語，翻譯時放在句首。 4)在the long process of integration結構中，integration前省略了定語man-machine，翻譯時要補出。 5)lead to a fully electronic human動詞和賓語之間意思省略，翻譯時要加詞。 第三、詞的處理： that 代詞作主語，指代上文前面“的” a breakthrough 突破，一定要譯出。 the start of manmachine integration 人機一體化的開始 lead to 引起出現，導致產生 a fully electronic human 完全電子化的仿真人，完全的電子人 before the end of the next century 在下世紀末之前 完整的譯文： 74)皮爾森指出，這個突破僅僅是人機一體化的開始：它是人機一體化漫長之路的第一步，最終會使人們在下世紀末之前就研製出完全電子化的仿真人。
75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：And home appliances will also become so smart / that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout / of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 第二、句子主幹結構是：so smart that...如此……以至於(從句)…… 第三、詞的處理： home appliances 家用電器 smart 聰明，智能化 result in the breakout of 引發，導致，出現 psychological disorder 心理混亂(失調) kitchen rage 廚房狂燥症，廚房憤怒，廚房生氣完整的譯文： 75)家用電器將會變得如此智能化，以至於控制和操作它們會引發一種新的心理疾病--廚房狂燥症。
00年翻譯題解：
71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是一個帶雙賓語的簡單句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of... 2)兩個賓語各帶有of短語作定語。 3)specialized scientists後面的短語such as...是其定語。 第三、詞的處理： Under modern conditions 在現代條件下 requires 需要 varying measures (程度)不同的措施 centralized control 中央控制，中央調控 and hence 因此，從而 specialized scientists 專門科學家，專家 operational research experts 運行研究專家，運籌學家 完整的譯文： 71)在現代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經濟學家和運籌學家等領域專家的協助。
72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主語和兩個主語從句。 2)兩個that從句都是簡單的主謂賓結構句。 3)this指代前面的賓語中心詞efficiency。 第三、詞的處理： Furthermore 再者，另外 it is obvious that (固定譯法)顯而易見的是 the strength of a country's economy 一個國家的經濟實力 is directly bound up with 與……直接(密切)相關 the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工農業生產效率 in turn 反過來 rests upon 有賴於，取決於 scientists and technologists of all kinds 各種科技人員，所有領域的科學家和技術人員完整的譯文： 72)再者，顯而易見的是，一個國家的經濟實力與其工農業生產效率密切相關，而效率的提高又有賴於各種科技人員的努力。
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是：原因狀語Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子結構中while是個關鍵詞，表示對比關係，漢語意思是"而"。 2)第一個主句中有兩個現在進行時的並列謂語are feeling... and are being... 3)第二個主句的謂語是被動語態。 4)for the reasons given above是第二個主句的原因狀語。 第三、詞的處理： owing to 因爲，由於 mass-communications 大衆通訊 people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人 new wants 新的需求(要求，需要) being exposed to 接觸到，感受到 customs and ideas 習俗和思想 introduce 推出，採取，施行 innovations 革新，革新措施 for the reasons given above 由於上述原因 完整的譯文： 73)由於大衆通訊的顯著發展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，並不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，由於上述原因，各國政府不得不經常採取更進一步的革新措施。
74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是複合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...連詞whereas "而"，表示對比。 2)破折號中間的短語是附加成分，修飾主語中心詞process，其中social patterns後面that followed是一個定語從句。 3)因爲是兩個對比句，所以可以根據上下文判斷：兩個句子的謂語spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等於the process of industrialization. 第三、詞的處理： industrialized countries 工業化國家 the process of industrialization 工業化進程，工業化過程 with ...that followed 隨……而來的，以及 far-reaching changes 深刻的變革，影響深遠的變化 social patterns 社會結構 spread over 持續，延續 nearly a century 大約(將近、幾乎)一個世紀 a developing nation 一個發展中國家 undergo 經歷 in a decade or so 在10年左右的時間 完整的譯文： 74)在先期實現工業化的歐洲國家裏，其工業化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革持續了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發展中國家在10年左右的時間內就可以完成同樣的過程。
75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.第二、句子的結構：1)主幹結構是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...簡單句+ because of表示的原因狀語。整句翻譯應該根據先原因後結果的原則，將主句放在最後。 2) because of後面有兩個賓語the population explosion or problems 3)名詞problems帶有現在分詞短語作後置定語arising from mass migration movements 4) themselves指前面的名詞短語mass migration movements,後面的過去分詞短語是themselves的定語。 第三、詞的處理： Additional social stresses 新的(額外的)社會壓力 occur 出現，產生 population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸 arising from 由……引起，產生於，來自於 mass migration movements 大量人口流動 migration 流動，遷移 modern means of transport 現代交通工具 means 工具，手段，途徑 完整的譯文： 75)由於人口猛增或大量人口流動(現代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易)所引起的各種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。
99年 翻譯題解：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引導讓步狀語從句，從句中as... as結構是比較級，這句話直譯爲有多少歷史學家，就有多少關於歷史的定義。 2)主句中one是賓語，後面的that從句是它的定語從句。 3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短語to recreate and explain...作名詞the attempt的定語。 第三、詞的處理： While 雖然，儘管 definitions 定義，界定 modern practice 現代(補詞：史學家的)實踐 conforms to 符合於，趨向於認爲 attempt 試圖，嘗試 to recreate 再現，重現(不能說重新創造歷史) events 事件，結合上下文引申爲史實 完整的譯文： 71)幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現代史學家的實踐最趨向於認爲，歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實並對其作出解釋。
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 第二、句子的結構 1)主幹結構是一個簡單句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from... 2)並列狀語less through ...and more from的翻譯是關鍵，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直譯比較少的是因爲……，更多的原因是…… 3)challenge後面的不定式短語to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定語，直譯對歷史作爲一門學科的正確性提出異議，internal quarrels後面的介詞短語among historians themselves作quarrels的定語。 第三、詞的處理： Interest in historical methods 對歷史方法的關注(興趣) arisen 來自於，產生於challenge質疑，挑戰 validity 真實性，正確性as an intellectual discipline作爲一門學問(一個學科領域) internal quarrels 內部意見不統一，內部分歧 完整的譯文： 72)人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因爲史學界內部意見不一，其次是因爲外界並不認爲歷史是一門學問。
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是一個被動語態的簡單句：...methods were augmented by... 2)過去分詞短語designed to...作句子賓語methodologies的定語。 第三、詞的處理： transfer 轉變 augmented 充實，補充 additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用來 interpret 闡釋，解釋，說明 the new forms of evidence 新的證據形式，根據上下文意思引申爲在歷史學研究中的新史料 in the historical study 在(補譯：歷史學家)研究歷史時 完整的譯文： 73)在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統的歷史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 第二、句子的結構： 1)主幹結構是存在句There is no agreement因爲主語部分太長，整個結構應該採用順序倒譯方法。 2) whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主語agreement的同位語。 3) the concepts後面的形容詞短語peculiar to historical work in general是它的定語；the research techniques後面的形容詞短語appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定語。 第三、詞的處理： agreement 統一的意見，一致看法 whether...refers to... or to... 是指……還是指…… the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按後置定語的順序倒譯)一般的歷史研究中的特有概念 the research techniques 研究手段 appropriate to 適用於，合適於 the various branches 各個領域 historical inquiry 歷史探究完整的譯文： 74)所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分爲三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 第二、句子的結構 1)主幹結構是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直譯這既適應於……又適應於……引申爲這既存在於……又存在於……2) traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate... with...是並列結構，指兩種歷史學家，各有定語從句修飾。 第三、詞的處理： It主語指示代詞，聯繫上下文意思是這種謬論 traditional historians 傳統歷史學家，歷史傳統派 view history as 把歷史看作是 sources 源泉，引申爲史料來源 social science historians 社會科學歷史學家，歷史社科派 their activity 活動，引申爲歷史學研究活動，歷史研究 equate... with 把……等同於，認爲……是 specific techniques 具體方法 完整的譯文： 75)這種謬論同樣存在於歷史傳統派和歷史社科派；前者認爲歷史就是史學界內部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，後者認爲歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
※ 修改：alanle1978於2003-05-19 09:45:49修改本文